Determining Optimum Rotary Blade Design for Wind-Powered Water-Pumping Systems for Local Selected Sites

The design of a windmill rotor is critical for harnessing wind energy. In this work, a study is conducted to optimize the design and performance of a rotor blade that is suitable for low wind conditions. The windmills’ rotor blades are aerodynamically designed based on the SG6043 airfoil and wind speed data at local selected sites. The aerodynamic profile of the rotor blade that can provide a maximum power coefficient, which is the relation between real rotor performance and the available wind energy on a given reference area, was calculated. Different parameters, such as blade shapes, chord distributions, tip speed ratio, geometries set angles, etc., were used to optimize the blade design with the objective of extracting maximum wind power for a water pumping system. Windmill rotor of 10.74 m, 7.34 m, and 6.34 m diameter with three blades were obtained for the selected sites at Abomsa, Metehara, and Ziway in south-east Ethiopia. During the rotary blades performance optimization, blade element momentum (BEM) theory and solving iteration by MATLAB® coding were used.publishedVersio

NACA four-digit airfoil series optimization: a comparison between genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming

In this study, the results of genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming are discussed for NACA four-digit airfoil series optimization. The lift-to-drag ratio is defined as the objective function. The aerodynamic constraints related to the lift, drag, moment values of the airfoil at high and low angle of attack, and the geometric constraints related to the wetted length and internal volume are set. Results show that the sequential use of the former and latter methods and the stand-alone use of the latter method yield an increment of approximately 20 % in the objective function. The change in the geometric design variables reveals that the optimum airfoils are obtained by the variation in the maximum camber and thickness. Sequential quadratic programming is proven to converge to the global optimum in a significantly shorter solution time than genetic algorithm when the practical constraints are defined into the optimization problems

A Controller for Optimum Electrical Power Extraction from a Small Grid-Interconnected Wind Turbine

[EN] Currently, wind power is the fastest-growing means of electricity generation in the world. To obtain the maximum efficiency from the wind energy conversion system, it is important that the control strategy design is carried out in the best possible way. In fact, besides regulating the frequency and output voltage of the electrical signal, these strategies should also extract energy from wind power at the maximum level of efficiency. With advances in micro-controllers and electronic components, the design and implementation of efficient controllers are steadily improving. This paper presents a maximum power point tracking controller scheme for a small wind energy conversion system with a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator. With the controller, the system extracts optimum possible power from the wind speed reaching the wind turbine and feeds it to the grid at constant voltage and frequency based on the AC-DC-AC conversion system. A MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment was used to carry out the simulations of the system. Simulation results were analyzed under variable wind speed and load conditions, exhibiting the performance of the proposed controller. It was observed that the controllers can extract maximum power and regulate the voltage and frequency under such variable conditions. Extensive results are included in the paper.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports-reference FPU16/04282.García-Sánchez, TM.; Mishra, AK.; Hurtado-Perez, E.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). A Controller for Optimum Electrical Power Extraction from a Small Grid-Interconnected Wind Turbine. Energies. 13(21):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215809S1161321Fernández-Guillamón, A., Villena-Lapaz, J., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., García-Sánchez, T., & Molina-García, Á. (2018). An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems. Energies, 11(6), 1436. doi:10.3390/en11061436Fernández-Guillamón, A., Sarasúa, J. I., Chazarra, M., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., Fernández-Muñoz, D., & Molina-García, Á. (2020). Frequency control analysis based on unit commitment schemes with high wind power integration: A Spanish isolated power system case study. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 121, 106044. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106044Huber, M., Dimkova, D., & Hamacher, T. (2014). Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements. Energy, 69, 236-246. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.109Fernández-Guillamón, A., Martínez-Lucas, G., Molina-García, Á., & Sarasua, J.-I. (2020). Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems. 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Quantitative Feedback Theory design of robust MPPT controller for Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Design, analysis and experimental study. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 35, 308-320. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2019.08.002Zhang, X., Huang, C., Hao, S., Chen, F., & Zhai, J. (2016). An Improved Adaptive-Torque-Gain MPPT Control for Direct-Driven PMSG Wind Turbines Considering Wind Farm Turbulences. Energies, 9(11), 977. doi:10.3390/en9110977Shafiei, A., Dehkordi, B. M., Kiyoumarsi, A., & Farhangi, S. (2017). A Control Approach for a Small-Scale PMSG-Based WECS in the Whole Wind Speed Range. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 32(12), 9117-9130. doi:10.1109/tpel.2017.2655940Oliveira, T. D., Tofaneli, L. A., & Santos, A. Á. B. (2020). Combined effects of pitch angle, rotational speed and site wind distribution in small HAWT performance. 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Performance Improvement for Small-Scale Wind Turbine System Based on Maximum Power Point Tracking Control. Energies, 12(20), 3938. doi:10.3390/en12203938Aubrée, R., Auger, F., Macé, M., & Loron, L. (2016). Design of an efficient small wind-energy conversion system with an adaptive sensorless MPPT strategy. Renewable Energy, 86, 280-291. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.091Lopez-Flores, D. R., Duran-Gomez, J. L., & Chacon-Murguia, M. I. (2020). A Mechanical Sensorless MPPT Algorithm for a Wind Energy Conversion System based on a Modular Multilayer Perceptron and a Processor-in-the-Loop Approach. Electric Power Systems Research, 186, 106409. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106409Urtasun, A., Sanchis, P., San Martín, I., López, J., & Marroyo, L. (2013). Modeling of small wind turbines based on PMSG with diode bridge for sensorless maximum power tracking. Renewable Energy, 55, 138-149. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.035Kot, R., Rolak, M., & Malinowski, M. (2013). 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Wind power utilization for water pumping using small wind turbines in Saudi Arabia: A techno-economical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 4470-4478. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.036Park, J. H., Chung, M. H., & Park, J. C. (2016). Development of a small wind power system with an integrated exhaust air duct in high-rise residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 122, 202-210. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.037Simic, Z., Havelka, J. G., & Bozicevic Vrhovcak, M. (2013). Small wind turbines – A unique segment of the wind power market. Renewable Energy, 50, 1027-1036. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.038Parag, Y., & Sovacool, B. K. (2016). Electricity market design for the prosumer era. Nature Energy, 1(4). doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.32Kortabarria, I., Andreu, J., Martínez de Alegría, I., Jiménez, J., Gárate, J. I., & Robles, E. (2014). A novel adaptative maximum power point tracking algorithm for small wind turbines. 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Small Horizontal Wind Turbine Design and Aerodynamic Analysis Using Q-Blade Software

Wind energy is one of the most common and natural resources that play a huge role in energy sector, and due to the increasing demand to improve the efficiency of wind turbines and the development of the energy field, improvements have been made to design a suitable wind turbine and obtain the most energy efficiency possible from wind. In this paper, a horizontal wind turbine blade operating under low wind speed was designed using the (BEM) theory, where the design of the turbine rotor blade is a difficult task due to the calculations involved in the design process. To understand the behavior of the turbine blade, the QBlade program was used to design and simulate the turbine rotor blade during working conditions. The design variables such as (chord length and torsion angle) affecting the performance of wind turbines were studied. Aileron (NACA4711) was selected for sixteen different sections of the blade with a length of (155 cm) both (power factor, torque coefficient, lift coefficient, drag coefficient, lift-to-drag coefficient ratio) where high-accuracy results were obtained and it was found that the best performance in which the turbine rotor can operate is when the(tip speed ratio) is equal to (7). In addition, a power factor was obtained (Cp = 0.4742), not exceeding the Betz limit (0.59%). It is good efficiency for a small wind turbine, and it turns out that the design of a small horizontal wind turbine with three blades is suitable for working in areas with low wind speed

State-of-the-art review of micro to small-scale wind energy harvesting technologies for building integration

The utilisation of wind power in buildings has gained significant interest, but deploying wind turbines in built environments presents unique challenges due to highly turbulent wind patterns. Existing small wind turbines may not be as efficient in such complex conditions, and their transient loads and vibrations can compromise their durability. This study aims to assess the recent status, challenges, and limitations of building-integrated wind turbines and micro or small-scale wind-induced vibration technologies to enhance their performance, efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. The research evaluates advancements, applications, and technical features that optimise these technologies to function effectively in non-uniform wind flows and a wide range of wind speeds. Modeling conventional systems, including horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines, is well-established using computational fluid dynamics and blade element momentum methods. Micro or small-scale wind-induced vibration technologies have demonstrated power outputs ranging from milliwatts to kilowatts, making them suitable for powering actuators and low-powered sensors used in buildings. The study emphasises the importance of harnessing wind velocity acceleration induced by the building's roof shape when incorporating wind energy harvesting technologies. Nevertheless, research on wind-induced vibration harvesting primarily takes place in controlled environments, neglecting the influence of real buildings. This represents a significant research gap, considering the potential for wind-induced vibration technologies to provide power to off-grid communities and facilitate building integration. The lack of comprehensive analysis concerning the energy, economic, and environmental aspects of micro-energy harvesting technologies hinder their widespread adoption and a comprehensive understanding of their potential. Addressing these research gaps is essential to promote the implementation and efficacy of micro-scale wind energy harvesting technologies in various real-world scenarios

A direct approach of design optimization for small horizontal axis wind turbine blades

The performance of a wind turbine rotor depends on the wind characteristics of the site and the aerodynamic shape of the blades. The blade geometry determines the torque and the power generated by the rotor. From aerodynamic point of view, an economic and efficient blade design is attained by the maximization of rotor power coefficient. For small wind turbine blade design, there are some factors different from large blade. Such as, the small ones experience much lower Reynolds number flow than the large ones, thus large wind turbine airfoils may perform very poorly in small applications. The small turbines are self-started at lower wind speed, thus the hub and tip parts are vital for the starting-up torque which should be able to conquer the resistance of the generator and the mechanical system. This paper presents a direct method for small wind turbine blade design and optimization. A unique aerodynamic mathematical model was developed to obtain the optimal blade chord and twist angle distributions along the blade span. The airfoil profile analysis was integrated in this approach. The Reynolds number effects, tip and hub effects, and drag effects were all considered in the design optimization. The optimal chords and twist angles were provided with series of splines and points and three-dimensional blade models. This approach integrates blade design and airfoil analysis process, and enables seamless link with computational fluid dynamics analysis and CNC manufacturing