A Controller for Optimum Electrical Power Extraction from a Small Grid-Interconnected Wind Turbine

Abstract

[EN] Currently, wind power is the fastest-growing means of electricity generation in the world. To obtain the maximum efficiency from the wind energy conversion system, it is important that the control strategy design is carried out in the best possible way. In fact, besides regulating the frequency and output voltage of the electrical signal, these strategies should also extract energy from wind power at the maximum level of efficiency. With advances in micro-controllers and electronic components, the design and implementation of efficient controllers are steadily improving. This paper presents a maximum power point tracking controller scheme for a small wind energy conversion system with a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator. With the controller, the system extracts optimum possible power from the wind speed reaching the wind turbine and feeds it to the grid at constant voltage and frequency based on the AC-DC-AC conversion system. A MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment was used to carry out the simulations of the system. Simulation results were analyzed under variable wind speed and load conditions, exhibiting the performance of the proposed controller. It was observed that the controllers can extract maximum power and regulate the voltage and frequency under such variable conditions. Extensive results are included in the paper.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports-reference FPU16/04282.García-Sánchez, TM.; Mishra, AK.; Hurtado-Perez, E.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). A Controller for Optimum Electrical Power Extraction from a Small Grid-Interconnected Wind Turbine. Energies. 13(21):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215809S1161321Fernández-Guillamón, A., Villena-Lapaz, J., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., García-Sánchez, T., & Molina-García, Á. (2018). An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems. Energies, 11(6), 1436. doi:10.3390/en11061436Fernández-Guillamón, A., Sarasúa, J. I., Chazarra, M., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., Fernández-Muñoz, D., & Molina-García, Á. (2020). Frequency control analysis based on unit commitment schemes with high wind power integration: A Spanish isolated power system case study. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 121, 106044. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106044Huber, M., Dimkova, D., & Hamacher, T. (2014). Integration of wind and solar power in Europe: Assessment of flexibility requirements. Energy, 69, 236-246. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.109Fernández-Guillamón, A., Martínez-Lucas, G., Molina-García, Á., & Sarasua, J.-I. (2020). Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems. Sustainability, 12(18), 7750. doi:10.3390/su12187750Fernández‐Guillamón, A., Vigueras‐Rodríguez, A., & Molina‐García, Á. (2019). Analysis of power system inertia estimation in high wind power plant integration scenarios. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13(15), 2807-2816. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0220Fernández-Guillamón, A., Das, K., Cutululis, N. A., & Molina-García, Á. (2019). Offshore Wind Power Integration into Future Power Systems: Overview and Trends. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(11), 399. doi:10.3390/jmse7110399Muñoz-Benavente, I., Hansen, A. D., Gómez-Lázaro, E., García-Sánchez, T., Fernández-Guillamón, A., & Molina-García, Á. (2019). Impact of Combined Demand-Response and Wind Power Plant Participation in Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power Systems. Energies, 12(9), 1687. doi:10.3390/en12091687Gil-García, I. C., García-Cascales, M. S., Fernández-Guillamón, A., & Molina-García, A. (2019). Categorization and Analysis of Relevant Factors for Optimal Locations in Onshore and Offshore Wind Power Plants: A Taxonomic Review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(11), 391. doi:10.3390/jmse7110391Molina-Garcia, A., Fernandez-Guillamon, A., Gomez-Lazaro, E., Honrubia-Escribano, A., & Bueso, M. C. (2019). Vertical Wind Profile Characterization and Identification of Patterns Based on a Shape Clustering Algorithm. IEEE Access, 7, 30890-30904. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2902242Global Wind Report 2019https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/Chagas, C. C. M., Pereira, M. G., Rosa, L. P., da Silva, N. F., Freitas, M. A. V., & Hunt, J. D. (2020). From Megawatts to Kilowatts: A Review of Small Wind Turbine Applications, Lessons From The US to Brazil. Sustainability, 12(7), 2760. doi:10.3390/su12072760Culotta, S., Franzitta, V., Milone, D., & Moncada Lo Giudice, G. (2015). Small Wind Technology Diffusion in Suburban Areas of Sicily. Sustainability, 7(9), 12693-12708. doi:10.3390/su70912693Nazir, M. S., Wang, Y., Bilal, M., Sohail, H. M., Kadhem, A. A., Nazir, H. M. R., … Ma, Y. (2020). Comparison of Small-Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Economic Indexes. Clean Technologies, 2(2), 144-155. doi:10.3390/cleantechnol2020010García-Sánchez, T., Muñoz-Benavente, I., Gómez-Lázaro, E., & Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). Modelling Types 1 and 2 Wind Turbines Based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies, 13(16), 4078. doi:10.3390/en13164078Fernández-Guillamón, A., Martínez-Lucas, G., Molina-García, Á., & Sarasua, J. I. (2020). An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation. Energies, 13(13), 3369. doi:10.3390/en13133369Tiwari, R., Padmanaban, S., & Neelakandan, R. (2017). Coordinated Control Strategies for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System. Energies, 10(10), 1493. doi:10.3390/en10101493Sajadi, M., De Kooning, J. D. M., Vandevelde, L., & Crevecoeur, G. (2019). Harvesting wind gust energy with small and medium wind turbines using a bidirectional control strategy. The Journal of Engineering, 2019(17), 4261-4266. doi:10.1049/joe.2018.8182Chavero-Navarrete, E., Trejo-Perea, M., Jáuregui-Correa, J. C., Carrillo-Serrano, R. V., & Ríos-Moreno, J. G. (2019). Expert Control Systems for Maximum Power Point Tracking in a Wind Turbine with PMSG: State of the Art. Applied Sciences, 9(12), 2469. doi:10.3390/app9122469Orlando, N. A., Liserre, M., Mastromauro, R. A., & Dell’Aquila, A. (2013). A Survey of Control Issues in PMSG-Based Small Wind-Turbine Systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 9(3), 1211-1221. doi:10.1109/tii.2013.2272888Daili, Y., Gaubert, J.-P., Rahmani, L., & Harrag, A. (2019). Quantitative Feedback Theory design of robust MPPT controller for Small Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Design, analysis and experimental study. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 35, 308-320. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2019.08.002Zhang, X., Huang, C., Hao, S., Chen, F., & Zhai, J. (2016). An Improved Adaptive-Torque-Gain MPPT Control for Direct-Driven PMSG Wind Turbines Considering Wind Farm Turbulences. Energies, 9(11), 977. doi:10.3390/en9110977Shafiei, A., Dehkordi, B. M., Kiyoumarsi, A., & Farhangi, S. (2017). A Control Approach for a Small-Scale PMSG-Based WECS in the Whole Wind Speed Range. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 32(12), 9117-9130. doi:10.1109/tpel.2017.2655940Oliveira, T. D., Tofaneli, L. A., & Santos, A. Á. B. (2020). Combined effects of pitch angle, rotational speed and site wind distribution in small HAWT performance. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 42(8). doi:10.1007/s40430-020-02501-4Battisti, L., Benini, E., Brighenti, A., Dell’Anna, S., & Raciti Castelli, M. (2018). Small wind turbine effectiveness in the urban environment. Renewable Energy, 129, 102-113. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.05.062Jeong, H. G., Seung, R. H., & Lee, K. B. (2012). An Improved Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Wind Power Systems. Energies, 5(5), 1339-1354. doi:10.3390/en5051339Zhu, Y., Cheng, M., Hua, W., & Wang, W. (2012). A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Control for Permanent Magnet Direct Drive Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Energies, 5(5), 1398-1412. doi:10.3390/en5051398Chen, J.-H., & Hung, W. (2015). Blade Fault Diagnosis in Small Wind Power Systems Using MPPT with Optimized Control Parameters. Energies, 8(9), 9191-9210. doi:10.3390/en8099191Syahputra, R., & Soesanti, I. (2019). Performance Improvement for Small-Scale Wind Turbine System Based on Maximum Power Point Tracking Control. Energies, 12(20), 3938. doi:10.3390/en12203938Aubrée, R., Auger, F., Macé, M., & Loron, L. (2016). Design of an efficient small wind-energy conversion system with an adaptive sensorless MPPT strategy. Renewable Energy, 86, 280-291. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.07.091Lopez-Flores, D. R., Duran-Gomez, J. L., & Chacon-Murguia, M. I. (2020). A Mechanical Sensorless MPPT Algorithm for a Wind Energy Conversion System based on a Modular Multilayer Perceptron and a Processor-in-the-Loop Approach. Electric Power Systems Research, 186, 106409. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106409Urtasun, A., Sanchis, P., San Martín, I., López, J., & Marroyo, L. (2013). Modeling of small wind turbines based on PMSG with diode bridge for sensorless maximum power tracking. Renewable Energy, 55, 138-149. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.035Kot, R., Rolak, M., & Malinowski, M. (2013). Comparison of maximum peak power tracking algorithms for a small wind turbine. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 91, 29-40. doi:10.1016/j.matcom.2013.03.010Muhsen, H., Al-Kouz, W., & Khan, W. (2019). Small Wind Turbine Blade Design and Optimization. Symmetry, 12(1), 18. doi:10.3390/sym12010018Qi, Z., & Lin, E. (2012). Integrated power control for small wind power system. Journal of Power Sources, 217, 322-328. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.039Doll, C. N. H., & Pachauri, S. (2010). Estimating rural populations without access to electricity in developing countries through night-time light satellite imagery. Energy Policy, 38(10), 5661-5670. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.014Zhang, S., & Qi, J. (2011). Small wind power in China: Current status and future potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(5), 2457-2460. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.009Rehman, S., & Sahin, A. Z. (2012). Wind power utilization for water pumping using small wind turbines in Saudi Arabia: A techno-economical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(7), 4470-4478. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.036Park, J. H., Chung, M. H., & Park, J. C. (2016). Development of a small wind power system with an integrated exhaust air duct in high-rise residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 122, 202-210. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.04.037Simic, Z., Havelka, J. G., & Bozicevic Vrhovcak, M. (2013). Small wind turbines – A unique segment of the wind power market. Renewable Energy, 50, 1027-1036. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.08.038Parag, Y., & Sovacool, B. K. (2016). Electricity market design for the prosumer era. Nature Energy, 1(4). doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.32Kortabarria, I., Andreu, J., Martínez de Alegría, I., Jiménez, J., Gárate, J. I., & Robles, E. (2014). A novel adaptative maximum power point tracking algorithm for small wind turbines. Renewable Energy, 63, 785-796. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.10.036Emejeamara, F. C., Tomlin, A. S., & Millward-Hopkins, J. T. (2015). Urban wind: Characterisation of useful gust and energy capture. Renewable Energy, 81, 162-172. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.028Britter, R. E., & Hanna, S. R. (2003). FLOW AND DISPERSION IN URBAN AREAS. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 35(1), 469-496. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161147Askarov, A., Andreev, M., & Ruban, N. (2020). Impact assessment of full-converter wind turbine generators integration on transients in power systems. THERMOPHYSICAL BASIS OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (TBET 2019). doi:10.1063/5.0000832Pillay, P., & Krishnan, R. (1988). Modeling of permanent magnet motor drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 35(4), 537-541. doi:10.1109/41.9176Shariatpanah, H., Fadaeinedjad, R., & Rashidinejad, M. (2013). A New Model for PMSG-Based Wind Turbine With Yaw Control. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 28(4), 929-937. doi:10.1109/tec.2013.2281814Ata, R., & Kocyigit, Y. (2010). An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system approach for prediction of tip speed ratio in wind turbines. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(7), 5454-5460. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.02.068Anelion SW 3.5 GThttps://www.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/950-anelion-sw-3.5-gtSalles, M. B. C., Hameyer, K., Cardoso, J. R., Grilo, A. P., & Rahmann, C. (2010). Crowbar System in Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators. Energies, 3(4), 738-753. doi:10.3390/en3040738Kim, Y.-S., Chung, I.-Y., & Moon, S.-I. (2015). Tuning of the PI Controller Parameters of a PMSG Wind Turbine to Improve Control Performance under Various Wind Speeds. Energies, 8(2), 1406-1425. doi:10.3390/en8021406Widanagama Arachchige, L., Rajapakse, A., & Muthumuni, D. (2017). Implementation, Comparison and Application of an Average Simulation Model of a Wind Turbine Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator. Energies, 10(11), 1726. doi:10.3390/en10111726Kim, C., Gui, Y., Zhao, H., & Kim, W. (2020). Coordinated LVRT Control for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Wind Turbine with Energy Storage System. Applied Sciences, 10(9), 3085. doi:10.3390/app10093085Das, K., Hansen, A. D., & Sørensen, P. E. (2016). Understanding IEC standard wind turbine models using SimPowerSystems. Wind Engineering, 40(3), 212-227. doi:10.1177/0309524x1664205

    Similar works