16,136 research outputs found
Cost-Effective TSV Grouping for Yield Improvement of 3D-ICs
Three-dimensional Integrated Circuits (3D-ICs) vertically stack multiple silicon dies to reduce overall wire length, power consumption, and allow integration of heterogeneous technologies. Through-silicon-vias (TSVs) which act as vertical links between layers pose challenges for 3D integration design. TSV defects can happen in fabrication process and bonding stage, which can reduce the yield and increase the cost. Recent work proposed the employment of redundant TSVs to improve the yield of 3D-ICs. This paper presents a redundant TSVs grouping technique, which partition regular and redundant TSVs into groups. For each group, a set of multiplexers are used to select good signal paths away from defective TSVs. We investigate the impact of grouping ratio (regular-to-redundant TSVs in one group) on trade-off between yield and hardware overhead. We also show probabilistic models for yield analysis under the influence of independent and clustering defect distributions. Simulation results show that for a given number of TSVs and TSV failure rate, careful selection of grouping ratios lead to achieving 100% yield at minimal hardware cost (number of multiplexers and redundant TSVs) in comparison to a design that does not exploit TSV grouping ratios
High-resolution remote thermography using luminescent low-dimensional tin-halide perovskites
While metal-halide perovskites have recently revolutionized research in
optoelectronics through a unique combination of performance and synthetic
simplicity, their low-dimensional counterparts can further expand the field
with hitherto unknown and practically useful optical functionalities. In this
context, we present the strong temperature dependence of the photoluminescence
(PL) lifetime of low-dimensional, perovskite-like tin-halides, and apply this
property to thermal imaging with a high precision of 0.05 {\deg}C. The PL
lifetimes are governed by the heat-assisted de-trapping of self-trapped
excitons, and their values can be varied over several orders of magnitude by
adjusting the temperature (up to 20 ns {\deg}C-1). Typically, this sensitive
range spans up to one hundred centigrade, and it is both compound-specific and
shown to be compositionally and structurally tunable from -100 to 110 {\deg} C
going from [C(NH2)3]2SnBr4 to Cs4SnBr6 and (C4N2H14I)4SnI6. Finally, through
the innovative implementation of cost-effective hardware for fluorescence
lifetime imaging (FLI), based on time-of-flight (ToF) technology, these novel
thermoluminophores have been used to record thermographic videos with high
spatial and thermal resolution.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figure
Event-triggered Learning
The efficient exchange of information is an essential aspect of intelligent
collective behavior. Event-triggered control and estimation achieve some
efficiency by replacing continuous data exchange between agents with
intermittent, or event-triggered communication. Typically, model-based
predictions are used at times of no data transmission, and updates are sent
only when the prediction error grows too large. The effectiveness in reducing
communication thus strongly depends on the quality of the prediction model. In
this article, we propose event-triggered learning as a novel concept to reduce
communication even further and to also adapt to changing dynamics. By
monitoring the actual communication rate and comparing it to the one that is
induced by the model, we detect a mismatch between model and reality and
trigger model learning when needed. Specifically, for linear Gaussian dynamics,
we derive different classes of learning triggers solely based on a statistical
analysis of inter-communication times and formally prove their effectiveness
with the aid of concentration inequalities
CO2 pipelines material and safety considerations
This paper presents an overview of some of the most important factors and areas of uncertainty
affecting integrity and accurate hazard assessment of CO2 pipelines employed as part of the
Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) chain. These include corrosion, hydrate formation, hydrogen
embrittlement and propensity to fast running ductile and brittle factures. Special consideration
is given to the impact of impurities within the CO2 feed from the various capture technologies on
these possible hazards. Knowledge gaps in the modelling of outflow and subsequent dispersion of
CO2 following the accidental rupture of pressurised CO2 pipelines, central to their safety assessment,
are also presented
Nanoscale magnetometry using a single spin system in diamond
We propose a protocol to estimate magnetic fields using a single
nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) center in diamond, where the estimate precision scales
inversely with time, ~1/T$, rather than the square-root of time. The method is
based on converting the task of magnetometry into phase estimation, performing
quantum phase estimation on a single N-V nuclear spin using either adaptive or
nonadaptive feedback control, and the recently demonstrated capability to
perform single-shot readout within the N-V [P. Neumann et. al., Science 329,
542 (2010)]. We present numerical simulations to show that our method provides
an estimate whose precision scales close to ~1/T (T is the total estimation
time), and moreover will give an unambiguous estimate of the static magnetic
field experienced by the N-V. By combining this protocol with recent proposals
for scanning magnetometry using an N-V, our protocol will provide a significant
decrease in signal acquisition time while providing an unambiguous spatial map
of the magnetic field.Comment: 8 pages and 5 figure
Conformability analysis for the control of quality costs in electronic systems
The variations embodied in the production of electronic systems can cause that system to fail to conform to its specification with respect to Critical to Quality features. As a consequence of such failures the system manufacture may incur significant quality costs ranging from simple warranty returns up to legal liabilities. It can be difficult to determine both the probability that a system will fail to meet its specification and estimate the associated cost of failure. This thesis presents the Electronic Conformability Analysis (eCA) technique a novel methodology and supporting tool set for the assessment and control of quality costs associated with electronic systems. The technique addresses the three main elements of production affecting quality costs associated with electronic systems which are functionality, manufacturability and testability. Electronic Conformability Analysis combines statistical performance exploration with process capability indices, a modified form of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and a cost mapping procedure. The technique allows the quality costs associated with design and manufacture induced failures to be assessed and the effectiveness of test strategies in reducing these costs to be determined. Through this analysis of costs the technique allows the potential trade-offs between these costs and those associated with design and process modifications to be explored. In support of the Electronic Conformability Analysis technique a number of new analysis tools have been developed. These tools enable the methodology to cope with the specific difficulties associated with the analysis of electronic systems. The technique has been applied to a number of analogue and mixed signal, safety critical circuits from automotive systems. These case studies have included several different levels of system complexity ranging from relatively simple transistor circuits to highly complex mechatronic systems. These case studies have shown that the technique is effective in a commercial design and manufacturing environment
Estimation of a probability in inverse binomial sampling under normalized linear-linear and inverse-linear loss
Sequential estimation of the success probability in inverse binomial
sampling is considered in this paper. For any estimator , its quality
is measured by the risk associated with normalized loss functions of
linear-linear or inverse-linear form. These functions are possibly asymmetric,
with arbitrary slope parameters and for
respectively. Interest in these functions is motivated by their significance
and potential uses, which are briefly discussed. Estimators are given for which
the risk has an asymptotic value as tends to , and which guarantee that,
for any in , the risk is lower than its asymptotic value. This
allows selecting the required number of successes, , to meet a prescribed
quality irrespective of the unknown . In addition, the proposed estimators
are shown to be approximately minimax when does not deviate too much from
, and asymptotically minimax as tends to infinity when .Comment: 4 figure
์ ์กฐ ์์คํ ์์์ ์์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ ์ํ ์ง๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ๋
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ฐ์
๊ณตํ๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์กฐ์ฑ์ค.Predictive modeling is a type of supervised learning to find the functional relationship between the input variables and the output variable. Predictive modeling is used in various aspects in manufacturing systems, such as automation of visual inspection, prediction of faulty products, and result estimation of expensive inspection. To build a high-performance predictive model, it is essential to secure high quality data. However, in manufacturing systems, it is practically impossible to acquire enough data of all kinds that are needed for the predictive modeling. There are three main difficulties in the data acquisition in manufacturing systems. First, labeled data always comes with a cost. In many problems, labeling must be done by experienced engineers, which is costly. Second, due to the inspection cost, not all inspections can be performed on all products. Because of time and monetary constraints in the manufacturing system, it is impossible to obtain all the desired inspection results. Third, changes in the manufacturing environment make data acquisition difficult. A change in the manufacturing environment causes a change in the distribution of generated data, making it impossible to obtain enough consistent data. Then, the model have to be trained with a small amount of data. In this dissertation, we overcome this difficulties in data acquisition through active learning, active feature-value acquisition, and domain adaptation. First, we propose an active learning framework to solve the high labeling cost of the wafer map pattern classification. This makes it possible to achieve higher performance with a lower labeling cost. Moreover, the cost efficiency is further improved by incorporating the cluster-level annotation into active learning. For the inspection cost for fault prediction problem, we propose a active inspection framework. By selecting products to undergo high-cost inspection with the novel uncertainty estimation method, high performance can be obtained with low inspection cost. To solve the recipe transition problem that frequently occurs in faulty wafer prediction in semiconductor manufacturing, a domain adaptation methods are used. Through sequential application of unsupervised domain adaptation and semi-supervised domain adaptation, performance degradation due to recipe transition is minimized. Through experiments on real-world data, it was demonstrated that the proposed methodologies can overcome the data acquisition problems in the manufacturing systems and improve the performance of the predictive models.์์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ ์ง๋ ํ์ต์ ์ผ์ข
์ผ๋ก, ํ์ต ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์
๋ ฅ ๋ณ์์ ์ถ๋ ฅ ๋ณ์ ๊ฐ์ ํจ์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฐ ์์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์ ์ก์ ๊ฒ์ฌ ์๋ํ, ๋ถ๋ ์ ํ ์ฌ์ ํ์ง, ๊ณ ๋น์ฉ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ถ์ ๋ฑ ์ ์กฐ ์์คํ
์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ์ฉ๋๋ค. ๋์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์์ง์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๊ฐ ํ์์ ์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ ์กฐ ์์คํ
์์ ์ํ๋ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ ๋งํผ ํ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ค์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค. ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ๋์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ธ๊ฐ์ง ์์ธ์ ์ํด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก, ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง์ด ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ํญ์ ๋น์ฉ์ ์๋ฐํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ์์, ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง์ ์๋ จ๋ ์์ง๋์ด์ ์ํด ์ํ๋์ด์ผ ํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ ํฐ ๋น์ฉ์ ๋ฐ์์ํจ๋ค. ๋๋ฒ์งธ๋ก, ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ํ์ ๋ํด ์ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ ์กฐ ์์คํ
์๋ ์๊ฐ์ , ๊ธ์ ์ ์ ์ฝ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ์ํ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ด๋ ต๋ค. ์ธ๋ฒ์งธ๋ก, ์ ์กฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ๋์ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋ง๋ ๋ค. ์ ์กฐ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณํ๋ ์์ฑ๋๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ถํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณํ์์ผ, ์ผ๊ด์ฑ ์๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถํ ํ๋ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฌํ์ต์์ผ์ผ ํ๋ ์ํฉ์ด ๋น๋ฒํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์ด๋ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ๋์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฅ๋ ํ์ต, ๋ฅ๋ ํผ์ณ๊ฐ ํ๋, ๋๋ฉ์ธ ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋จผ์ , ์จ์ดํผ ๋งต ํจํด ๋ถ๋ฅ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋์ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง ๋น์ฉ์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ฅ๋ํ์ต ํ๋ ์์ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ์ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง ๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ตฌ์ถํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋์๊ฐ, ๊ตฐ์ง ๋จ์์ ๋ผ๋ฒจ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฅ๋ํ์ต์ ์ ๋ชฉํ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ ํจ์จ์ฑ์ ํ์ฐจ๋ก ๋ ๊ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ์ ํ ๋ถ๋ ์์ธก์ ํ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ฅ๋ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ ์ํ๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ถํ์ค์ฑ ์ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ๊ณ ๋น์ฉ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋์ ์ ํ์ ์ ํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ์ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋น์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ์ ์กฐ์ ์จ์ดํผ ๋ถ๋ ์์ธก์์ ๋น๋ฒํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ ์ํผ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋๋ฉ์ธ ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋น๊ต์ฌ ๋๋ฉ์ธ ์ ์๊ณผ ๋ฐ๊ต์ฌ ๋๋ฉ์ธ ์ ์์ ์์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์ ์ฉ์ ํตํด ๋ ์ํผ ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํ ์ฑ๋ฅ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์ต์ํํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์ค์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ํ ์คํ์ ํตํด ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ๋ค์ด ์ ์กฐ์์คํ
์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ณ ์์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋์ผ ์ ์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Review 9
2.1 Review of Related Methodologies 9
2.1.1 Active Learning 9
2.1.2 Active Feature-value Acquisition 11
2.1.3 Domain Adaptation 14
2.2 Review of Predictive Modelings in Manufacturing 15
2.2.1 Wafer Map Pattern Classification 15
2.2.2 Fault Detection and Classification 16
3. Active Learning for Wafer Map Pattern Classification 19
3.1 Problem Description 19
3.2 Proposed Method 21
3.2.1 System overview 21
3.2.2 Prediction model 25
3.2.3 Uncertainty estimation 25
3.2.4 Query wafer selection 29
3.2.5 Query wafer labeling 30
3.2.6 Model update 30
3.3 Experiments 31
3.3.1 Data description 31
3.3.2 Experimental design 31
3.3.3 Results and discussion 34
4. Active Cluster Annotation for Wafer Map Pattern Classification 42
4.1 Problem Description 42
4.2 Proposed Method 44
4.2.1 Clustering of unlabeled data 46
4.2.2 CNN training with labeled data 48
4.2.3 Cluster-level uncertainty estimation 49
4.2.4 Query cluster selection 50
4.2.5 Cluster-level annotation 50
4.3 Experiments 51
4.3.1 Data description 51
4.3.2 Experimental setting 51
4.3.3 Clustering results 53
4.3.4 Classification performance 54
4.3.5 Analysis for label noise 57
5. Active Inspection for Fault Prediction 60
5.1 Problem Description 60
5.2 Proposed Method 65
5.2.1 Active inspection framework 65
5.2.2 Acquisition based on Expected Prediction Change 68
5.3 Experiments 71
5.3.1 Data description 71
5.3.2 Fault prediction models 72
5.3.3 Experimental design 73
5.3.4 Results and discussion 74
6. Adaptive Fault Detection for Recipe Transition 76
6.1 Problem Description 76
6.2 Proposed Method 78
6.2.1 Overview 78
6.2.2 Unsupervised adaptation phase 81
6.2.3 Semi-supervised adaptation phase 83
6.3 Experiments 85
6.3.1 Data description 85
6.3.2 Experimental setting 85
6.3.3 Performance degradation caused by recipe transition 86
6.3.4 Effect of unsupervised adaptation 87
6.3.5 Effect of semi-supervised adaptation 88
7. Conclusion 91
7.1 Contributions 91
7.2 Future work 94Docto
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