Digital Image Access & Retrieval

The 33th Annual Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in March of 1996, addressed the theme of "Digital Image Access & Retrieval." The papers from this conference cover a wide range of topics concerning digital imaging technology for visual resource collections. Papers covered three general areas: (1) systems, planning, and implementation; (2) automatic and semi-automatic indexing; and (3) preservation with the bulk of the conference focusing on indexing and retrieval.published or submitted for publicatio

Knowledge Warehouse: An Architectural Integration of Knowledge Management, Decision Support, Artificial Intelligence and Data Warehousing

Decision support systems (DSS) are becoming increasingly more critical to the daily operation of organizations. Data warehousing, an integral part of this, provides an infrastructure that enables businesses to extract, cleanse, and store vast amounts of data. The basic purpose of a data warehouse is to empower the knowledge workers with information that allows them to make decisions based on a solid foundation of fact. However, only a fraction of the needed information exists on computers; the vast majority of a firm’s intellectual assets exist as knowledge in the minds of its employees. What is needed is a new generation of knowledge-enabled systems that provides the infrastructure needed to capture, cleanse, store, organize, leverage, and disseminate not only data and information but also the knowledge of the firm. The purpose of this paper is to propose, as an extension to the data warehouse model, a knowledge warehouse (KW) architecture that will not only facilitate the capturing and coding of knowledge but also enhance the retrieval and sharing of knowledge across the organization. The knowledge warehouse proposed here suggests a different direction for DSS in the next decade. This new direction is based on an expanded purpose of DSS. That is, the purpose of DSS in knowledge improvement. This expanded purpose of DSS also suggests that the effectiveness of a DS will, in the future, be measured based on how well it promotes and enhances knowledge, how well it improves the mental model(s) and understanding of the decision maker(s) and thereby how well it improves his/her decision making

Dynamics-augmented cluster-based network model

In this study, we propose a novel data-driven reduced-order model for complex dynamics, including nonlinear, multi-attractor, multi-frequency, and multiscale behaviours. The starting point is a fully automatable cluster-based network model (CNM) (Li et al. J. Fluid Mech. vol.906, 2021, A21) which kinematically coarse-grains the state with clusters and dynamically predicts the transitions in a network model. In the proposed dynamics-augmented CNM (dCNM), the prediction error is reduced with trajectory-based clustering using the same number of centroids. The dCNM is first exemplified for the Lorenz system and then implemented for the three-dimensional sphere wake featuring periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic flow regimes. For both plants, the dCNM significantly outperforms the CNM in resolving the multi-frequency and multiscale dynamics. This increased prediction accuracy is obtained by stratification of the state space aligned with the direction of the trajectories. Thus, the dCNM has numerous potential applications to a large spectrum of shear flows, even for complex dynamics

Development of a Numerical Model for High-Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

A thermomechanical hysteresis model for a high-temperature shape memory alloy (HTSMA) actuator material is presented. The model is capable of predicting strain output of a tensile-loaded HTSMA when excited by arbitrary temperature-stress inputs for the purpose of actuator and controls design. Common quasi-static generalized Preisach hysteresis models available in the literature require large sets of experimental data for model identification at a particular operating point, and substantially more data for multiple operating points. The novel algorithm introduced here proposes an alternate approach to Preisach methods that is better suited for research-stage alloys, such as recently-developed HTSMAs, for which a complete database is not yet available. A detailed description of the minor loop hysteresis model is presented in this paper, as well as a methodology for determination of model parameters. The model is then qualitatively evaluated with respect to well-established Preisach properties and against a set of low-temperature cycled loading data using a modified form of the one-dimensional Brinson constitutive equation. The computationally efficient algorithm demonstrates adherence to Preisach properties and excellent agreement to the validation data set

Design as a source of innovation to establish circular business models: how to prevent the single-use of plastic?

The current economy context moving from linear to circular models is establishing extraordinary parallelism between with design principles. Design solutions can support the transition of business to one which creates monetary and environmental benefits, increases resource efficiency, and maintains the value of products, materials, and waste. Recycling has been signaled as the main strategy for the plastics circular economy, but it presents itself as controversial since the industry’s demand is significantly lower than the recycled amount. The overall objective of this study is to explore when design principles, related to circular-economy concepts, become a source of innovation, in order to answer to the research question: “How can design be a source of innovation to transform businesses models accordingly to circular economy principles?”. The primary objective of this investigation is to develop our model resulting from reverse design and which is guided by the definition of a circular model strategy (System-Centered Circular-Design, SCCD) and the secondary objectives involve expanding the knowledge related to the various aspects of this model. A qualitative approach was chosen, to analyse the impact of the packaging design concepts along the definition of the business models and its circular loops. From the literature review ethnographic research is thus well suited to providing circular systems designers and companies decision-makers, with rich insights. WisePack design solution was selected to analyse the slowing and closing loop. The relevant insights to retain from the exploratory phase is that WisePack may have changed some of the assumptions made by the different stakeholders of the value chain. A SCCD toolbox is presented, to support designers identifying the requirements, constraints and opportunities of the circular approach. To prevent the single-use of plastic, scenarios were developed, taking into consideration users’ behaviour towards repair or reuse, taking-back products and their levels of engagement. Based on the results, it was concluded that the circular model strategy definition model (SCCD) is a valid tool. Confirming the primary and secondary objectives of this study. Showing that design principles, related to circular-economy concepts, become a source of innovation, and the SCCD model and toolbox, support the businesses models transformation.A relação entre o design e o aumento da competitividade económica pela criação de valor já tem sido abordada. Não obstante, no contexto atual em que a economia transita de modelos lineares para circulares está a estabelecer um paralelismo extraordinário entre os modelos económicos e os princípios de design. Novas soluções de design podem apoiar a transição de produtos, processos e modelos de negócios para um modelo que potencie a criação de benefícios monetários e ambientais,aumentea eficiência dos recursos pela minimização de desperdícios e recuperação de resíduos e, estimule de uma forma sustentável a cadeia de valor de produtos e serviços, matérias-primas e materiais. A reciclagem tem sido apontada como a principal estratégia para a economia circular do plástico, mas não deixa de ser um paradoxo, uma vez que a procura do setor é significativamente inferior à quantidade reciclada de acordo com a literatura analisada. O objetivo geral deste estudo, é explorar o modo como os princípios de design aplicados aosconceitos de economia circular fomentam a inovação e a transição de um modelo linear de gestão para um modelo económico regenerativo e restaurador. Donde, a seguinte pergunta de investigação: “Como pode o design ser uma fonte de inovação para transformar modelos de negócios de acordo com princípios da economia circular?”. O objetivo específico desta investigação é desenvolver o nosso modelo resultante do reverse design e que se pauta pela definição de uma estratégia de modelo circular (System-Centered Circular-Design, SCCD) e, em paralelo, aferir o conhecimento relacionado com as suas diferentes variáveis. Metodologicamente optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa, para analisar o impacto dos conceitos de design de embalagens ao longo da definição dos modelos de negócio e dos seus ciclos. Neste âmbito, começou primeiramente, por se selecionar como caso de estudo, a solução de design WisePack para analisar o ciclo de desaceleração e fecho (slowing and closing loops). Esta solução de design para as embalagens plásticas, maximiza a funcionalidade do produto e do material, resultante do processo de design e manufatura.Apresentam-se os pressupostos dos modelos de negócios circulares WisePack, seguidos das entrevistas realizados às partes interessadas que orientam a análise do estudo de caso. O estudo de caso da WisePack descreve as questões mais importantes a ponderar na seleção dessas estratégias de design e define os modelos de negócios circulares num estágio inicial de design de produto e serviço. A natureza qualitativa da investigação visa obter informações de diferentes ângulos para compreender as restrições e os objetivos dos principais agentes envolvidos na cadeia de valor. Com base nos resultados das entrevistas semiestruturadas destacam-se quatro fatores com potencial de fomentar a transição de uma abordagem linear para uma circular, a saber: i) o design tem uma relação relevante com os seus modelos de negócio; ii) barreiras à implementação do design, podem impactar a geração de valor; iii) o design pode influenciar e alterar a apetência para a inovar; iv) a captura de valor do negócio está relacionada com a cultura de inovação nos modelos lineares de negócios em prática. De todo o modo, há a reter desta fase exploratória da investigação que a solução de design de embalagem apresentada durante as entrevistas - WisePack - pode ter alterado algumas das premissas feitas pelos representantes das diferentes partes interessadas da cadeia de valor. Posto isto, e com base na revisão da literatura e na experiência profissional, constatou-se que a investigação etnográfica revela ser adequada para fornecer aos designers de sistemas circulares e aos decisores das empresas, perceções valiosas. Em segundo lugar, e sob o intuito de testar o modelo System-Centered Circular-Design (SCCD) procurou-se compreender se o design pode condicionar os modelos de negócio das partes interessadas de toda a cadeia de valor. Daí, ser proposto um método com o objetivo de permitir que designers e gestores definam possíveis modelos de negócios circulares ajustados por princípios de design mais circulares - o SCCD. Expõe-se a ferramenta SCCD e da sua sistematização decorrem vários conceitos para a construção de novas e mais complexas colaborações na cadeia de valor. Essa relação no processo circular é definida em termos de atributos. Os atributos, características geométricas e funções são utilizados para facilitar a instrumentação deste processo inovador. Todas essas caracterizações de notação de SCCD parecem ser viáveis para a especificação do processo e fase de projeto. Este, suporta refinamento e abstração, tornando a estrutura SCCD fácil de entender e usar. As tabelas de diagnóstico do modelo, visam apoiar os designers na identificação dos requisitos, restrições e oportunidades da abordagem circular. No entanto, também orienta a comunicação entre o designer e os representantes de cada departamento envolvido no processo de transição do modelo de negócio linear para o circular. Com o objetivo de testar o modelo SCCD, cenários futuros foram desenvolvidos nesta investigação para poder ser estabelecida uma área de exploração e discussão sobre a adaptação do processo de design ao paradigma da economia circular. O foco tem por intuito facilitar a geração de ideias compartilhadas sobre a direção a tomar e as escolhas a fazer e promover soluções de design para a economia circular. Nesse sentido, é de extrema importância apresentar as tendências de contexto relevantes. Para o caso de prevenção do plástico de uso único, os cenários deverão levar em consideração as tendências futuras no comportamento dos utilizadores em relação ao reparo ou reutilização e devolução de produtos. Esses cenários também distinguem entre dois níveis diferentes de envolvimentodesses utilizadores. Como é expectável, algumas partes interessadas terão que atender a necessidades diferentes de outras em menos tempo, ou com diferentes níveis de risco e investimento. A finalizar, admite-se que novos testes piloto e trabalho de campo são recomendados para poderem ser validados os cenários futuros. Com efeito, e no decurso desta investigação, a complexidade da parceria e o investimento financeiro necessário, não possibilitaram a implementação do modelo. Daí que, se tenham construído duas narrativas a ilustrar os cenários futuros de prevenção à utilização do plástico de uso único, por meio do design. Por fim, e com base nos resultados, constata-se que o modelo de definição de estratégia de modelo circular (SCCD) constitui uma ferramenta válida na senda dos objetivos desta investigação. Pode assim concluir-se que, os princípios do design quando aplicados aos conceitos da economia circular, conseguem tornar-se fonte de inovação e, que o modelo SCCD consegue suportar a transição dos modelos de negócios

A generic architecture style for self-adaptive cyber-physical systems

Die aktuellen Konzepte zur Gestaltung von Regelungssystemen basieren auf dynamischen Verhaltensmodellen, die mathematische Ansätze wie Differentialgleichungen zur Ableitung der entsprechenden Funktionen verwenden. Diese Konzepte stoßen jedoch aufgrund der zunehmenden Systemkomplexität allmählich an ihre Grenzen. Zusammen mit der Entwicklung dieser Konzepte entsteht eine Architekturevolution der Regelungssysteme. In dieser Dissertation wird eine Taxonomie definiert, um die genannte Architekturevolution anhand eines typischen Beispiels, der adaptiven Geschwindigkeitsregelung (ACC), zu veranschaulichen. Aktuelle ACC-Varianten, die auf der Regelungstheorie basieren, werden in Bezug auf ihre Architekturen analysiert. Die Analyseergebnisse zeigen, dass das zukünftige Regelungssystem im ACC eine umfangreichere Selbstadaptationsfähigkeit und Skalierbarkeit erfordert. Dafür sind kompliziertere Algorithmen mit unterschiedlichen Berechnungsmechanismen erforderlich. Somit wird die Systemkomplexität erhöht und führt dazu, dass das zukünftige Regelungssystem zu einem selbstadaptiven cyber-physischen System wird und signifikante Herausforderungen für die Architekturgestaltung des Systems darstellt. Inspiriert durch Ansätze des Software-Engineering zur Gestaltung von Architekturen von softwareintensiven Systemen wird in dieser Dissertation ein generischer Architekturstil entwickelt. Der entwickelte Architekturstil dient als Vorlage, um vernetzte Architekturen mit Verfolgung der entwickelten Designprinzipien nicht nur für die aktuellen Regelungssysteme, sondern auch für selbstadaptiven cyber-physischen Systeme in der Zukunft zu konstruieren. Unterschiedliche Auslösemechanismen und Kommunikationsparadigmen zur Gestaltung der dynamischen Verhalten von Komponenten sind in der vernetzten Architektur anwendbar. Zur Bewertung der Realisierbarkeit des Architekturstils werden aktuelle ACCs erneut aufgenommen, um entsprechende logische Architekturen abzuleiten und die Architekturkonsistenz im Vergleich zu den originalen Architekturen basierend auf der Regelungstheorie (z. B. in Form von Blockdiagrammen) zu untersuchen. Durch die Anwendung des entwickelten generischen Architekturstils wird in dieser Dissertation eine künstliche kognitive Geschwindigkeitsregelung (ACCC) als zukünftige ACC-Variante entworfen, implementiert und evaluiert. Die Evaluationsergebnisse zeigen signifikante Leistungsverbesserungen des ACCC im Vergleich zum menschlichen Fahrer und aktuellen ACC-Varianten.Current concepts of designing automatic control systems rely on dynamic behavioral modeling by using mathematical approaches like differential equations to derive corresponding functions, and slowly reach limitations due to increasing system complexity. Along with the development of these concepts, an architectural evolution of automatic control systems is raised. This dissertation defines a taxonomy to illustrate the aforementioned architectural evolution relying on a typical example of control application: adaptive cruise control (ACC). Current ACC variants, with their architectures considering control theory, are analyzed. The analysis results indicate that the future automatic control system in ACC requires more substantial self-adaptation capability and scalability. For this purpose, more complicated algorithms requiring different computation mechanisms must be integrated into the system and further increase system complexity. This makes the future automatic control system evolve into a self-adaptive cyber-physical system and consistitutes significant challenges for the system’s architecture design. Inspired by software engineering approaches for designing architectures of software-intensive systems, a generic architecture style is proposed. The proposed architecture style serves as a template by following the developed design principle to construct networked architectures not only for the current automatic control systems but also for self-adaptive cyber-physical systems in the future. Different triggering mechanisms and communication paradigms for designing dynamic behaviors are applicable in the networked architecture. To evaluate feasibility of the architecture style, current ACCs are retaken to derive corresponding logical architectures and examine architectural consistency compared to the previous architectures considering the control theory (e.g., in the form of block diagrams). By applying the proposed generic architecture style, an artificial cognitive cruise control (ACCC) is designed, implemented, and evaluated as a future ACC in this dissertation. The evaluation results show significant performance improvements in the ACCC compared to the human driver and current ACC variants

The iso-response method

Throughout the nervous system, neurons integrate high-dimensional input streams and transform them into an output of their own. This integration of incoming signals involves filtering processes and complex non-linear operations. The shapes of these filters and non-linearities determine the computational features of single neurons and their functional roles within larger networks. A detailed characterization of signal integration is thus a central ingredient to understanding information processing in neural circuits. Conventional methods for measuring single-neuron response properties, such as reverse correlation, however, are often limited by the implicit assumption that stimulus integration occurs in a linear fashion. Here, we review a conceptual and experimental alternative that is based on exploring the space of those sensory stimuli that result in the same neural output. As demonstrated by recent results in the auditory and visual system, such iso-response stimuli can be used to identify the non-linearities relevant for stimulus integration, disentangle consecutive neural processing steps, and determine their characteristics with unprecedented precision. Automated closed-loop experiments are crucial for this advance, allowing rapid search strategies for identifying iso-response stimuli during experiments. Prime targets for the method are feed-forward neural signaling chains in sensory systems, but the method has also been successfully applied to feedback systems. Depending on the specific question, “iso-response” may refer to a predefined firing rate, single-spike probability, first-spike latency, or other output measures. Examples from different studies show that substantial progress in understanding neural dynamics and coding can be achieved once rapid online data analysis and stimulus generation, adaptive sampling, and computational modeling are tightly integrated into experiments

Coevolution of Firm Capabilities and Industry Competition

This paper proposes that rival firms not only search for new capabilities within their organization, but also for those that rest in their competitive environment. An integrated analysis of these search processes at both firm and industry levels of analysis shows how their interaction makes industries and firms coevolve over time. To contribute to an enhanced understanding of the concept of coevolution, a dynamic and integrative framework crossing meso and micro levels of analysis is constructed. This framework is applied to a longitudinal study of the music industry with a time-span of 120 years. The first part, a historical study, covers the period 1877 - 1990. The second part, a multiple-case study, covers the period 1990 - 1997. We conclude that search behavior drives coevolution through competitive dynamics among new entrants and incumbent firms and manifests itself in the simultaneous emergence of new business models and new organizational forms.coevolution;competitive regime;longitudinal research;multilevel research;music industry