Detection of Scots Pine Single Seed in Optoelectronic System of Mobile Grader: Mathematical Modeling

The development of mobile optoelectronic graders for separating viable seeds by spectrometric properties with high detection accuracy represents a very relevant direction of development for seed handling operations. Here, the main parameters of the radiation source and receiver for detecting a single seed in the diagnostic system of a mobile grader were modeled based on the principles of technical optics using Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds as a case study. Among the pine seeds in the seed batch, there are fossilized and empty seeds that are exactly the same in geometric and gravitational parameters as live seeds. For their separation from the seed batch, data from spectrometric studies in the near-infrared (980 nm) region can be used. To substantiate the parameters of the light source, a geometric optical model of optical beam formation was considered, while the energy model of optical beam formation was considered to substantiate the parameters of the light detector. The results of this study show that the signal value depended on the orientation of a single seed relative to the recording window. The beam angle from the radiation source should be within 45 degrees. The difference between the optical streams should be 50 microns, which made it possible to clearly detect the signal at a standard noise level of 15 microns and signal-to-noise detection accuracy ratio of 56.3 dB. This study expands theoretical knowledge in the field of the spectrometric properties of a single seed, considering the cases of its orientation relative to the optical beam, which affected the effective area of detection of the seed. The obtained data on the location of the main elements of the diagnostic system will speed up the design of mobile optoelectronic graders, and the development of a contemporary protocol for improving Scots pine seed quality

Design of a Planting Module for an Automatic Device for Forest Regeneration

Forest regeneration by means of seedlings grown in container nurseries is usually performed manually with the use of the standard dibble bar or the tube dibble. Manual placement of a large number of seedlings in the soil requires a lot of work. Manual removal of the soil cover and digging the soil in spots with a diameter of 0.4 m requires, under average conditions, about 38 man-hours/ha, while planting with a dibble bar requires about 34 man-hours/ha. Additional work time is needed to carry seedlings over an area that is being afforested. At present, forestry does not have automatic planters that would enable the establishment of forest cultures. The aim of the paper is to present the concept of an autonomous robot and an innovative technology of performing forest regeneration and afforestation of former agricultural and reclaimed areas. The paper also presents the design solutions of the key working unit, which is a universal, openable dibble, cooperating with a three-toothed shaft to prepare a planting spot. The solution proposed enables continuous operation of the machine, i.e. without the need to stop the base vehicle

Scots Pine Seedlings Growth Dynamics Data Reveals Properties for the Future Proof of Seed Coat Color Grading Conjecture

Seed coat color grading conjecture is also known as Pravdin’s conjecture. To verify the conjecture, we established a long-term field experiment. This data set included unique empirical data of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) container-grown seedlings produced from different seed color grades, outplanted on a post fire site in the Voronezh region, Russia. Variables were provided for 10 rows of 90 samples in each row. These data contribute to our understanding of seed germination and seedlings growth dynamics from size and color gradings of seeds. This structure is the future basis of the Forest Reproductive Material Library (FRMLib) and will be used for assisted migration and forest seed transfer

The Global Forest Sector: An Analytical Perspective

This book is the final report of the Forest Sector Project at The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). The primary goal of the Project was to study long-term developments in the production, consumption, and world trade of forests products. The aim was to aid in the formulations of investment strategy in forest industrial companies and of forestry and forest industrial policies in different world regions by governmental agencies and international authorities. For this purpose, a global model of the forest sector was built and, employing this model, a number of scenarios were developed. Based on conservative assumptions, the base scenario served as a reference for making judgements about the relative impacts of alternative assumptions. The scenario variations were chosen to study the impact of alternative rates of economic growth, changes in currency exchange rates, impact of trade liberalization, impact of environmental changes, etc. The scenarios should not be regarded as unbiased forecasts, but rather as conditional forecasts aiming to answer what-if questions. For the practitioner to fully use the Project results, it is necessary to develop additional scenarios that are particularly relevant to the policy issues concerned

The Search for a Common Language: Environmental Writing and Education

A stellar group of writers, scientists, and educators illuminate the intersections between environmental science, creative writing, and education, considering ways to strengthen communication between differing fields with common interests.https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/1020/thumbnail.jp

Radiobiology Textbook:Space Radiobiology

The study of the biologic effects of space radiation is considered a “hot topic,” with increased interest in the past years. In this chapter, the unique characteristics of the space radiation environment will be covered, from their history, characterization, and biological effects to the research that has been and is being conducted in the field. After a short introduction, you will learn the origin and characterization of the different types of space radiation and the use of mathematical models for the prediction of the radiation doses during different mission scenarios and estimate the biological risks due to this exposure. Following this, the acute, chronic, and late effects of radiation exposure in the human body are discussed before going into the detailed biomolecular changes affecting cells and tissues, and in which ways they differ from other types of radiation exposure. The next sections of this chapter are dedicated to the vast research that has been developed through the years concerning space radiation biology, from small animals to plant models and 3D cell cultures, the use of extremophiles in the study of radiation resistance mechanisms to the importance of ground-based irradiation facilities to simulate and study the space environment

Bowdoin Orient v.100, no.1-27 (1970-1971)

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Report of the Secretary of the Interior; being part of the message and documents communicated to the two Houses of Congress at the beginning of the second session of the Fifty-fourth Congress; Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1896.

Annual Report of the Sec. of Interior.3 Dec. HD 5, 54-2, v12-19, 7567p. [3488-3495] Indian Affairs; annual report of the Gen. Land Office (Serial 348 8); annual report of the CIA (Serial 3489); etc