The embeddedness of social entrepreneurship: Understanding variation across local communities

Social enterprise organizations (SEOs) arise from entrepreneurial activities with the aim of achieving social goals. SEOs have been seen as alternative and/or complementary to the actions of governments and international organizations to address poverty and poverty-related social needs. Using a number of illustrative cases, we explore how variations in local institutional mechanisms shape the local "face of poverty" in different communities and how this relates to variations in the emergence and strategic orientations of SEOs. We develop a model of the productive opportunity space for SEOs as a basis of, and an inspiration for, further scholarly inquiry.social entrepreneurship; Social mechanisms; poverty; opportunity; institutions;

Legitimacy, Interest Group Pressures and Change in Emergent Institutions: The Case of Foreign Investors and Host Country Governments

We offer a simple model of policymaking emphasizing socialization and limits on human cognition to explicate mechanisms of change in emergent (as opposed to established) institutions. Emergent institutions are more susceptible to change, and their opponents may use frames or existing reference points to illustrate inconsistency with prevailing notions of legitimacy. Broader institutional structures and specific organizational characteristics moderate pressure for change. This perspective has novel implications for strategy and policy design.

Business Groups and the Big Push: Meiji Japan's Mass Privatization and Subsequent Growth

Rosenstein-Rodan (1943) and others posit that rapid development requires a 'big push' -- the coordinated rapid growth of diverse complementary industries, and suggests a role for government in providing such coordination. We argue that Japan's zaibatsu, or pyramidal business groups, provided this coordination after the Meiji government failed at the task. We propose that pyramidal business groups are private sector mechanisms for coordinating and financing 'big push' growth, and that unique historical circumstances aided their success in prewar Japan. Specifically, Japan uniquely marginalized its feudal elite; withdrew its hand with a propitious mass privatization that rallied the private sector; marginalized an otherwise entrenched first generation of wealthy industrialists; and remained open to foreign trade and capital.

Institutional Debt Holder Governance

Using data on the universe of US-based mutual funds, we find that two out of five fund families hold corporate bonds of firms in which they also own an equity stake. We show that the greater the fraction of debt a fund family holds in a given firm, the greater its propensity to vote in line with the interests of firm debt holders at shareholder meetings. Voting has direct policy consequences as firms that receive more votes in favor of creditors make corporate decisions more in line with the interests of debt holders

Institutional entrepreneurship:a literature review and analysis of the maturing consulting field

With few exceptions (e.g. Fincham & Clark, 2002; Lounsbury, 2002, 2007; Montgomery & Oliver, 2007), we know little about how emerging professions, such as management consulting, professionalize and establish their services as a taken-for-granted element of social life. This is surprising given that professionals have long been recognized as “institutional agents” (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Scott, 2008) (see Chapter 17) and professionalization projects have been closely associated with institutionalization (DiMaggio, 1991). Therefore, in this chapter we take a closer look at a specific type of entrepreneurship in PSFs; drawing on the concept of “institutional entrepreneurship” (DiMaggio, 1988; Garud, Hardy, & Maguire, 2007; Hardy & Maguire, 2008) we describe some generic strategies by which proto-professions can enhance their “institutional capital” (Oliver, 1997), that is, their capacity to extract institutionally contingent resources such as legitimacy, reputation, or client relationships from their environment

Individual actors and embeddedness in business-to-business interactions

Individual actors are hardly ever considered in business-to-business marketing literature. This paper uses Service-dominant Logic and Neo-institutional Theory as the bases for twelve case studies. These case studies provide a better understanding of how individuals who represent firms make sense of the social rules, norms, procedures, values, and beliefs of the network (i.e. institutional logics) where they are embedded and how the business interaction is shaped by those influences, through the individual behaviour. This paper makes two main contributions. First, we develop an empirical model of how individuals consider the institutional logics of the network in interactions with suppliers. Second, we present three patterns of individual behavior in interactions, different from what is often assumed by business-to-business researchers. Managerial contributions are also pointed out.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Exploring the Dialectics Underlying Institutionalization of IT Artifacts

We examine the relationship between information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) and local historically embedded institutions. We argue that, to understand the process of implementing IT artifacts, one needs to consider not only technical feasibility and economic viability but also institutional permissibility. We present a novel theoretical framework based on dialectics and institutional theory and apply it to a case study that contributes a dialectics-centered framework illustrated with empirical data from the informal sector in Latin America. The analysis demonstrates the institutionalization of IT artifacts as a conflicted and contested process and that historical institutions may enable some forms of institutionalization while resisting others contrary to social norms. We examine the emergence of contradictions, active praxis, and the resulting outcomes before concluding that, for IT artifacts to contribute to development, one must emphasize the embedded institutional arrangements and contestation that historically embedded institutions present. We conclude the paper by discussing the theoretical and practical implications

Asset-Iight strategies and Spanish hotel chains' internationalisation: The moderating effect of family involvement in the firm

Cada vez es más habitual que las cadenas hoteleras opten par estrategias alternativas a la propiedad a la hora de incorporar un nuevo hotel a su cartera en el extranjero, especialmente desde la crisis par el COVID-19. Entre estas estrategias, se encuentran las conocidas como asset-light, siendo los acuerdos de alquiler, gestión y franquicia los más comunes en el sector hotelero. Combinando las ideas de la teoría institucional y de la teoría stewardship, proponemos varias hipótesis sobre la relación entre la distancia institucional y la distancia cultural y la internacionalización empleando estas formas no patrimonialistas que suponen un menor compromiso de recursos. También se analiza cómo puede influir en esa decisión la implicación familiar de las empresas. Los resultados confirman que existe relación entre la distancia institucional y cultural y el régimen en el que las cadenas hoteleras mantienen sus hoteles internacionales, así como que la implicación familiar modera, en parte, dicha relación. Este trabajo aporta nueva evidencia empírica sobre la elección del régimen de gestión de la cartera de hoteles internacionales con datos actuales post-pandemia, demostrando que predominan los modelos asset-light frente a asumir la propiedad. Además, supone una nueva investigación sobre la influencia del carácter familiar en el compromiso internacional de las empresas.Increasingly, hotel chains opt for alternative strategies to ownership when adding a new hotel abroad to their portfolio, especially since the COVID-19's crisis. Among these strategies, are those known as asset-light, with leasing, management and franchise agreements being the most common in the hotel sector. Combining insights from institutional theory and stewardship theory, we propose several hypotheses on the relationship between institutional distance and cultural distance and internationalization using these asset-light forms that involve a lower commitment of resources. We also analyze how the family involvement of the firms may influence this decision. The results confirm that there is a relationship between institutional and cultural distance and the regime in which hotel chains maintain their international hotels, and that family involvement partly moderates this relationship. This paper provides new empirical evidence on the choice of international hotel portfolio management regime with current post-pandemic data, showing that asset light models predominate over assuming ownership. In addition, the paper provides new research on the influence of family character on the international commitment of firms

Exploring the Dialectics Underlying Institutionalization of IT Artifacts

We examine the relationship between information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) and local historically embedded institutions. We argue that, to understand the process of implementing IT artifacts, one needs to consider not only technical feasibility and economic viability but also institutional permissibility. We present a novel theoretical framework based on dialectics and institutional theory and apply it to a case study that contributes a dialectics-centered framework illustrated with empirical data from the informal sector in Latin America. The analysis demonstrates the institutionalization of IT artifacts as a conflicted and contested process and that historical institutions may enable some forms of institutionalization while resisting others contrary to social norms. We examine the emergence of contradictions, active praxis, and the resulting outcomes before concluding that, for IT artifacts to contribute to development, one must emphasize the embedded institutional arrangements and contestation that historically embedded institutions present. We conclude the paper by discussing the theoretical and practical implications

East meets west? Determinants of Chinese firms\u27 response to pressures towards international corporate governance standards

The diffusion of corporate governance standards globally has received special attention from researchers in an increasingly globalized economy. This topic is particularly significant in emerging economies as they encounter both economic pressures to adopt international governance standards and pressures to conform to local institutional resistance to change in governance. Drawing on multi-theoretical perspectives including agency theory, resource dependence theory and institutional theory, this study examines the role of CEO and board characteristics, ownership structure, prior firm performance, and firm’s selection of accounting standards and auditing firms in determining Chinese publicly listed firms’ responses to pressures to adopt international governance standards. This study finds that (1) Chinese publicly listed firms with better prior performance measured by ROA are more likely to be early adopters of international governance model; (2) in general, the antecedents of CEO and board characteristics are not significant predictors of firms’ adoption of international governance standards; (3) direct (ownership) and indirect links to Chinese government play significant roles in shaping firms’ governance standards and practice; and (4) firms’ ownership structure particularly proportion of tradable shares and presence of foreign ownership are significant predictors of firms’ corporate governance orientation, while ownership concentration is not. This research enriches the bodies of international corporate governance literature and contributes to institutional change literature by empirically testing how firms facing similar political pressure, functional pressure, and social pressure (Oliver, 1992) produce heterogeneous strategic responses in an emerging context. It also contributes practically to the development of government business policy and effective management of firm strategies in China