Theoretical Analyses and Practical Implementation of Duobinary Pulse Position Modulation Using Mathcad, VHDL, FPGA and Purpose-built Transceiver

Duobinary pulse-position modulation (PPM), a novel channel coding scheme, has been proposed in this thesis as an alternative method of improving bandwidth utilisation efficiency and sensitivity over existing coding schemes such as digital PPM, dicode PPM, multiple PPM and offset PPM while operating over slightly or highly dispersive graded-index (GI) plastic optical fibre (POF) channels of limited bandwidth. Theoretical investigation based on simulations of mathematical models with maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) at 1 Gbps on-off keying (OOK) data shows that duobinary PPM significantly outperforms optimised digital PPM at low fibre bandwidths by 8.7 dB while only operating at twice the original pulse code modulation (PCM) data rate. It has also been shown at high fibre bandwidth duobinary PPM gives a sensitivity of -42.2 dBm which is favourably comparable to digital PPM seven-level coding sensitivity of -44.1 dBm. Results presented in the thesis also demonstrate that at very low normalised fibre bandwidths (below 1 and down to 0.43) duobinary PPM outperforms dicode PPM by 1.2 dB requiring 27 x 103 photons per pulse compared to 40.3 x 103 required by Dicode PPM. Due to the use of MLSD at low bandwidths, wrong-slot errors are completely eliminated, and the effect of erasure and false-alarm errors are significantly reduced thus resulting in significantly improved sensitivity. Successful VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) and field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of duobinary PPM coder, decoder and MLSD as a single system has been presented in the thesis. An FPGA embedded bit error rate (BER) test device has also been implemented for sensitivity measurements purposes and all the designs have been tested successfully with back-to-back testing. A purpose-built VCSEL 850 nm wavelength based transceiver system has been designed and successful functional tests have been carried out. Maximum operational data rate of the transceiver is currently 622 Mbps to match the maximum operating frequency of the FPGA, however, it has the capability to operate up to 3.2 Gbps. Further work on receiver characterisation and slot and frame synchronisation of duobinary PPM is required. All the results and analyses indicate that duobinary PPM is an ideal alternative to be considered for highly dispersive optical channels, and performance evaluation for higher bandwidths also favourably compares to existing coding schemes with only twice the expansion of original PCM data rate

Iterative decoding for digital recording systems

Abstract In many existing optical and magnetic digital recording systems, data is usually encoded by a cascade of several encoders, followed by a channel with IS1 (intersymbol interference). Conventional receivers follow a one-path approach, where an equalizer is followed by a cascade of appropriate decoders. We propose a backward compatible iterative receiver which uses generalized erasures. An AZD (ambiguity zone detection) detector labels unreliable symbols as erasures. These are then resolved in an iterative process by the equalizer and the decoders. The proposed decoding scheme can significantly improve the system performance. It is implementable with low decoding complexity, and introduces only a small decoding delay

Telecommunication Systems

This book is based on both industrial and academic research efforts in which a number of recent advancements and rare insights into telecommunication systems are well presented. The volume is organized into four parts: "Telecommunication Protocol, Optimization, and Security Frameworks", "Next-Generation Optical Access Technologies", "Convergence of Wireless-Optical Networks" and "Advanced Relay and Antenna Systems for Smart Networks." Chapters within these parts are self-contained and cross-referenced to facilitate further study

DESIGN AND SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION OF PULSE POSITION MODULATION (PPM) BASED CODING SYSTEMS

The physical layer or modulation scheme plays a key role in a communication system, where performance features like Bit-Error Rate (BER), bandwidth efficiency and sensitivity are all dependent on the type of modulation scheme used. Currently, there are numerous modulation schemes for any given communication system, requiring the designer to decide which modulation scheme to apply. Many researchers propose different modulation schemes as the optimal for a given system with the aid of mathematical models and equations. However, there is minimal evidence on the practical implementation and testing of difference schemes to fully justify the selection. The scope of this research is to practically analyse, compare and validate the performance of different Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) schemes, where PPM is preferred for modulating and demodulating the signal in optical communications. This work presents, for the first time, practical analysis and comparison of different PPM techniques including Digital PPM (DPPM), Multipulse PPM (MPPM), Offset PPM (OPPM), Dicode (DiPPM) and Duobinary PPM (DuoPPM). The system implementation of these PPM techniques was carried under identical operational system conditions using Hardware-in-loop (HIL) approach, to validate the performance. A visible light communication (VLC) system incorporating a high power commercial 20 W LED was used for the implementation of PPM schemes. An FPGA was used to encode the message into PPM formats and to transmit it over the LED. A comprehensive comparison was performed between several PPM schemes in terms of BER, power estimation and bandwidth utilisation. Additionally, a new modified form of MPPM, called modified MPPM (MPPM64), was proposed in this study, which improves the bandwidth utilisation of the communication system by 14.28%. Furthermore, a new error correction method for OPPM, called Priority Decoding, was proposed to improve the BER of OPPM. Experimentation revealed the improved performance of OPPM by achieving 10 times fewer errors with BER of less than 10-8. A testbench was developed, which enables the user to apply any PPM from the given PPM schemes to a communication system. This testbench can be used to evaluate the performance of the communication system and to find the suitable PPM scheme which will deliver the best performance. Error correction techniques including Parity check and Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) were implemented to improve system performance. MPPM64 was implemented with Parity check and CRC achieving 0.4 m in transmission distance at identical transmission speeds when compared with the original scheme. Maximum Likelihood Detection (MLSD) was implemented with DiPPM and DuoPPM, showing 40% and 37.4% theoretical improved performance, respectively. In the practical implementation of MLSD, a 10 times achievement was recorded in BER at 1.5 m, outperforming original DiPPM and DuoPPM schemes. Determining the most appropriate PPM scheme for a VLC or any given system is not straight forward as it depends on many system parameters. However, this work enables the user to identify the most appropriate scheme for any given VLC system. This work enables different system parameters such as BER, transmission distance, power estimation and bandwidth utilization to be taken into account when determining the most appropriate setup. A detailed comparison is shown to guide modulation scheme selection in optical applications based on different parameter limitations

Advanced Signal Processing for Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Optical Transmission Systems

[ES] Los sistemas de transmisión óptica no-coherente se emplean actualmente en las redes ópticas de corto alcance (< 80 km), como son las redes de ámbito metropolitano. La implementación más común en el estado del arte se basa en sistemas que emplean multiplexación por división en longitud de onda (WDM, wavelength division multiplexing) de cuatro longitudes de onda (¿) proporcionando un régimen binario de 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps). En los últimos años, los sistemas de transmisión ópticos no-coherentes están evolucionando desde 100 Gbps a 400 Gbps (4¿×100 Gbps). Dado que este mercado comprende un gran número de sistemas, el coste es un parámetro importante que debe ser lo más bajo posible. El objetivo de esta tesis es investigar distintos aspectos del procesado de señal en general y, específicamente, investigar nuevas técnicas de procesado digital de señal (DSP, digital signal processing) que puedan ser utilizadas en sistemas de transmisión óptica no-coherentes empleando la modulación por amplitud de pulsos (PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation). Para que una técnica DSP sea interesante en el contexto de una red óptica WDM no-coherente, esta debe mitigar de manera efectiva al menos una de las tres limitaciones principales que afectan a estos sistemas: limitaciones de ancho de banda, limitaciones por dispersión cromática (CD), y el ruido. En esta tesis se proponen y examinan una serie de algoritmos cuyo su rendimiento es analizado mediante simulación y experimentalmente en laboratorio: - Feed-forward equalizer (FFE): este es el esquema de ecualización más común que se emplea principalmente en las transmisiones ópticas no-coherentes de alto régimen binario. Puede compensar grandes limitaciones en el ancho de banda. - Estimación de la secuencia de máxima verosimilitud (MLSE): el MLSE es un detector óptimo y, por lo tanto, proporciona las mejores prestaciones en detección cuando se abordan las limitaciones por CD y de ancho de banda. - Conformación geométrica de la constelación: en los esquemas de modulación de intensidad óptica multinivel, la distancia entre los niveles de amplitud puede ajustarse adecuadamente (de manera que no son equidistantes) a fin de aumentar la tolerancia de la señal frente al ruido. - Conformación probabilística: técnica diseñada específicamente para esquemas de modulación multinivel. Esta técnica ajusta la probabilidad de cada nivel de amplitud de modo que se incrementa la tolerancia al ruido óptico. - Señalización de respuesta parcial (PRS, partial signaling response): este es un enfoque basado en DSP donde una interferencia entre símbolos (ISI, inter-symbol interference) controlada es introducida intencionalmente de tal manera que la señal resultante requiere menos ancho de banda. La técnica PRS puede adaptarse para combatir también el efecto de CD. - Pre-énfasis digital (DPE, digital pre-emphasis): esta técnica consiste en aplicar el inverso de la función de transferencia del sistema a la señal en el transmisor, lo que reduce el impacto de las limitaciones de ancho de banda en el receptor. - Modulación con codificación Trellis (TCM, Trellis-coded modulation): esquema de modulación que combina elementos de corrección de errores (FEC, forward error correction) con técnicas de partición en conjuntos y modulación multidimensional para generar una señal más resistente al ruido. - Modulación multidimensional por partición en conjuntos: muy similar a TCM, pero sin ningún elemento FEC. Tiene menos ganancias que TCM en términos de tolerancia al ruido, pero no es tan sensible al ISI. Utilizando estas técnicas, esta tesis demuestra que es posible lograr una transmisión óptica con régimen binario de 100 Gbps/¿ empleando componentes de bajo coste. En esta tesis también demuestra regímenes binarios de más de 200 Gbps, lo que indica que la transmisión óptica no-coherente con modulación PAM puede ser una solución viable y eficiente en coste[CA] Actualment, s'utilitzen sistemes òptics no coherents en xarxes òptiques de curt abast ( < 80 km), com són les xarxes d'àmbit metropolità. La implementació més comuna que podem trobar en l'estat de l'art es correspon amb sistemes emplenant multiplexació per divisió en longitud d'ona (WDM, wavelength division multiplexing) de quatre longituds d'ona (¿) proporcionant un règim binari de 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps). En els últims anys, els sistemes de transmissió òptica no-coherents han evolucionat des de 100 Gbps cap a 400 Gbps (100 Gbps/¿). Atès que el mercat de sistemes de curt abast compren un gran volum de dispositius òptics instal·lats, el cost unitari és molt important i ha de ser el més baix possible. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és analitzar aspectes del processament de senyal en general i, específicament, investigar noves tècniques de processament digital de senyal (DSP, digital signal processing) que puguen ser utilitzades en sistemes de transmissió òptica no-coherent que utilitzen la modulació per amplitud d'impulsos (PAM, pulse-amplitude modulation). Per tal que una tècnica DSP es considere interessant per a una xarxa òptica WDM no-coherent, aquesta ha de mitigar efectivament almenys una de les tres principals limitacions que afecten aquests sistemes: limitacions d'ample de banda, limitacions per dispersió cromàtica (CD), i el soroll. En aquesta tesi s'examinen una sèrie d'algoritmes, el seu rendiment s'analitza per simulació i experimentalment en laboratori: - Feed-forward equalizer (FFE): aquest és l'esquema d'equalització més comú i s'utilitza bàsicament en les transmissions òptiques no coherents d'alt règim binari. Pot compensar grans quantitats de limitacions d'ample de banda. - Estimació de la seqüència de probabilitat màxima (MLSE): el MLSE és un detector òptim i, per tant, proporciona el millor rendiment quan es tracta de limitacions d'ample de banda i de CD. - Conformació geomètrica de la constel·lació: en esquemes de modulació òptica d'intensitat multinivell es pot ajustar la distància entre els nivells d'amplitud (de manera que ja no són equidistants) per augmentar la tolerància del senyal al soroll. - Conformació probabilística: una tècnica dissenyada específicament per als esquemes de modulació multinivell; ajusta la probabilitat de cada nivell d'amplitud de manera que augmenta la tolerància al soroll òptic. - Senyalització de resposta parcial (PRS, partial signaling response): és un enfocament basat en DSP on la interferència entre símbols (ISI, inter-symbol interference) controlada s'introdueix intencionalment de manera que el senyal resultant requereix menys ample de banda. La tècnica PRS es pot adaptar per combatre els efectes del CD. - Pre-èmfasi digital (DPE, digital pre-emphasis): aquesta tècnica consisteix a aplicar la inversió de la funció de transferència del sistema a la senyal en el transmissor de manera que es redueix l'impacte de les limitacions d'ample de banda en la senyal en el receptor. - Modulació amb codificació Trellis (TCM, Trellis-coded modulation): esquema de modulació que combina els elements de correcció d'errors avançats (FEC, forward error correction) amb tècniques de partionament de conjunts i modulació multidimensional per generar un senyal més resistent al soroll. - Modulació multidimensional per partició en conjuntes: molt similar a TCM però sense elements FEC. Té guanys menors que TCM en termes de tolerància al soroll, però no és tan sensible a l'ISI. Mitjançant l'ús d'aquestes tècniques, aquesta tesi demostra que és possible aconseguir una transmissió òptica amb un règim binari de 100 Gbps/¿ utilitzant components de baix cost. Esta tesi també demostra règims binaris de més de 200 Gbps, el que indica que la tecnologia no-coherent amb modulació PAM és una solució viable i eficient en cost per a una nova generació de sistemes transceptors òptics WDM funcionant a 800 Gbps (4¿×200 G[EN] Non-coherent optical transmission systems are currently employed in short-reach optical networks (reach shorter than 80 km), like metro networks. The most common implementation in the state-of-the-art is the four wavelength (¿) 100 Gbps (4¿×25 Gbps) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transceiver. In recent years non-coherent optical transmissions are evolving from 100 Gbps to 400 Gbps (4¿×100 Gbps). Since in the short-reach market the volume of optical devices being deployed is very large, the cost-per-unit of the devices is very important, and it should be as low as possible. The goal of this thesis is to investigate some general signal processing aspects and, specifically, digital signal processing (DSP) techniques required in non-coherent pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) optical transmission, and also to investigate novel algorithms which could be applied to this application scenario. In order for a DSP technique to be considered an interesting solution for non-coherent WDM optical networks it has to effectively mitigate at least one of the three main impairments affecting such systems: bandwidth limitations, chromatic dispersion (CD) and noise (in optical or electrical domain). A series of algorithms are proposed and examined in this thesis, and their performance is analyzed by simulation and also experimentally in the laboratory: - Feed-forward equalization (FFE): this is the most common equalizer and it is basically employed in every high-speed non-coherent optical transmission. It can compensate high bandwidth limitations. - Maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE): the MLSE is the optimum detector and thus provides the best performance when it comes to dealing with CD and bandwidth limitations. - Geometrical constellation shaping: in multilevel optical intensity modulation schemes the distance between amplitude levels can be adjusted (such that they are no longer equidistant) in order to increase the signal's tolerance to noise. - Probabilistic shaping: another technique designed specifically for multilevel modulation schemes; it adjusts the probability of each amplitude level such that the tolerance to optical noise is increased. - Partial response signaling (PRS): this is a DSP-based approach where a controlled inter-symbol interference (ISI) is intentionally introduced in such a way that the resulting signal requires less bandwidth. PRS can be customized to also mitigate CD impairment, effectively increasing transmission distances up to three times. - Digital pre-emphasis (DPE): this technique consists in applying the inverse of the transfer function of the system to the signal at the transmitter side which reduces the impact of bandwidth limitations on the signal at the receiver side. - Trellis-coded modulation (TCM): a modulation scheme that combines forward error correction (FEC) elements with set-partitioning techniques and multidimensional modulation to generate a signal that is more resistant to noise. - Multidimensional set-partitioned modulation: very similar with TCM but without any FEC elements. It has lower gains than TCM in terms of noise tolerance but is not so sensitive to ISI. By using the techniques enumerated above, this thesis demonstrates that is possible to achieve 100 Gbps/¿ optical transmission bitrate employing cost-effective components. Even more, bitrates higher than 200 Gbps are also demonstrated, indicating that non-coherent PAM is a viable cost-effective solution for next-generation 800 Gbps (4¿×200 Gbps) WDM transceivers.Prodaniuc, C. (2019). Advanced Signal Processing for Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Optical Transmission Systems [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/117315TESI

Demodulator techniques in satellite communication systems for direct broadcast systems

This thesis is concerned with the FM demodulator techniques used in terrestrial TV receiver designs for Direct Broadcast Systems (DBS) from satellites. The various MAC/Packet schemes intended for DBS applications are described and the international standards that apply to them considered, with particular emphasis on the D2-MAC system. Noise in FM systems is discussed and a suitable threshold noise model is chosen for use in DBS TV demodulator systems. The characteristics of the various types of noise effects are considered in terms of their effect upon the TV picture. The threshold performance of a conventional FM demodulator for differing types of modulation is reviewed and it is shown how the threshold characteristic depends upon the nature of the modulation. The literature review carried out represents a significant component of the thesis and combines material from patent literature with more conventional source materials from professional journals, conferences, textbooks, etc. Some ten existing demodulator concepts that exhibit threshold extension characteristics are examined, and where relevant their potential performance in D2-MAC format systems is assessed. The demodulator characteristics that limit their performance in TV systems are identified. It is concluded that designing a threshold extension demodulator, with reliable operation, for all picture contents and for a wide range of input carrier-to-noise ratios, is a formidable task using existing design techniques. On the basis of this examination an adaptive threshold extension demodulator concept is proposed, that utilises information contained within the signal structure to achieve an improved performance over a wide range of input carrier-to-noise ratios and picture content. It is shown how the relevant signal structures may be derived from conventional (PAL, SECAM and NTSC), MAC format and all-digital television systems. Illustrations are given that show how the adaptive demodulator concept can be applied to certain existing threshold extension demodulators, enhancing their performance for television picture reception. Future trends in all-digital DBS TV systems intended ultimately for DBS applications are briefly discussed together with their demodlilation requirements