Review on Multi-Objective Control Strategies for Distributed Generation on Inverter-Based Microgrids

[EN] Microgrids have emerged as a solution to address new challenges in power systems with the integration of distributed energy resources (DER). Inverter-based microgrids (IBMG) need to implement proper control systems to avoid stability and reliability issues. Thus, several researchers have introduced multi-objective control strategies for distributed generation on IBMG. This paper presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by several authors of multi-objective control. This work describes the main features of the inverter as a key component of microgrids. Details related to accomplishing efficient generation from a control systems' view have been observed. This study addresses the potential of multi-objective control to overcome conflicting objectives with balanced results. Finally, this paper shows future trends in control objectives and discussion of the different multi-objective approaches.Gonzales-Zurita, Ó.; Clairand, J.; Peñalvo-López, E.; Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2020). Review on Multi-Objective Control Strategies for Distributed Generation on Inverter-Based Microgrids. Energies. 13(13):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133483S1291313Ross, M., Abbey, C., Bouffard, F., & Joos, G. (2015). Multiobjective Optimization Dispatch for Microgrids With a High Penetration of Renewable Generation. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 6(4), 1306-1314. doi:10.1109/tste.2015.2428676Murty, V. V. S. N., & Kumar, A. (2020). Multi-objective energy management in microgrids with hybrid energy sources and battery energy storage systems. Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, 5(1). doi:10.1186/s41601-019-0147-zKatircioğlu, S., Abasiz, T., Sezer, S., & Katırcıoglu, S. (2019). 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Architecture and control of large power networks with distributed generation

The architecture of the UK's passive power network has taken over one hundred years to evolve through a process of demand and technology led development. In the early years of electrical power, distribution systems were islands of distributed generation, often of different voltages and frequencies. Increasing demand for electrical power and the need to reduce distribution costs eventually led to the standardisation of frequency and voltages and to the connection of the island systems into a large network. Today's power networks are characterised by their rigid hierarchical structure and unidirectional power flows. The threat of climate change is driving the demand for the use of more renewable energy. For electricity production, this is achieved through generation using more wind, biomass, tidal and solar energy. This type of generation is often referred to as Distributed Generation (DG) because it is not a centralised facility connected to the high voltage transmission grid but a distributed source connected to the lower voltage distribution network. The connection of DG to the distribution network significantly alters the power flow throughout the network, and costly network reinforcement is often necessary. The advancement in the control of electrical power has largely been facilitated by the development of semiconductor power electronic devices and has led to the application of "Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS), which include such devices as "Static Var Compensators" (SVC) and Static Compensators (STATCOM), for the control of network voltages and power flows. Providing a secure power network is a demanding task, but as network complexity is expected to grow with the connection of high levels of DG, so the problem of integration, not just connection, of each successive generator becomes more protracted. A fundamental change to the network architecture may eventually become necessary, and a new, more active network architecture, perhaps based on power cells containing local generation, energy storage and loads, has been proposed by some researchers. The results of an historic review of the growth of power networks, largely in the UK, forms the basis of a case to replace the conventional power transformer with an Active Transformer that will provide a more controllable, flexible and robust DG connection and (i) will facilitate greater network management and business opportunities, and new power flow control features. The Active Transformer design is based on an a.c. link system and an a.c.-a.c. highfrequency direct resonant converter. This thesis describes a model of the converter, built in MATLAB and Simulink®, and used to explore control of the converters. The converter model was then used to construct a model of the Active Transformer, consisting of a resonant, supply-side converter, a high frequency transformer and a resonant, load-side converter. This was then used to demonstrate control of bi-directional power flow and power factor control at the Grid and Distribution Network connections. Issues of robustness and sensitivity to parameter change are discussed, both for the uncompensated and compensated converters used in the Active Transformer. The application of robust H∞ control scheme proposed and compared to a current PI control scheme to prove its efficacy.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Power control of a grid-connected PV system during asymmetrical voltage faults

[EN] Under voltage faults, grid-tied photovoltaic inverters should remain connected to the grid according to fault ride-through requirements. Moreover, it is a desirable characteristic to keep the power injected to grid constant during the fault. This paper explores a control strategy to regulate the active and reactive powers delivered by a single-stage photovoltaic generation system to the grid during asymmetrical voltage faults. The reference for the active power is obtained from a maximum power point tracking algorithm, whereas the reference for the reactive power can be set freely if the zero-sequence voltage is null; otherwise, it will depend on the magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage and the active power reference. The power control loop generates the reference currents to be imposed by the grid-tied power inverter. These currents are regulated by a predictive controller. The proposed approach is simpler than other methods proposed in the literature. The performance of the control strategy presented is verified with an experimental laboratory setup where voltage sags and swells are considered.This work was funded by Conicyt Chile Under Project FONDECYT 11180092. The financial support given by CONICYT/FONDAP/15110019 is also acknowledged.Hunter, G.; Riedemann, J.; Andrade, I.; Blasco-Gimenez, R.; Peña, R. (2019). Power control of a grid-connected PV system during asymmetrical voltage faults. Electrical Engineering. 101(1):239-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-019-00769-x2392501011Greentech Media Research “By 2023, the world will have 1 trillion Watts of installed solar PV capacity”. https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/by-2023-the-world-will-have-one-trillion-watts-of-installed-solar-pv-capaciSubudhi B, Pradhan R (2013) A comparative study on maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic power systems. 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Spring search algorithm for simultaneous placement of distributed generation and capacitors

Purpose. In this paper, for simultaneous placement of distributed generation (DG) and capacitors, a new approach based on Spring Search Algorithm (SSA), is presented. This method is contained two stages using two sensitive index Sv and Ss. Sv and Ss are calculated according to nominal voltageand network losses. In the first stage, candidate buses are determined for installation DG and capacitors according to Sv and Ss. Then in the second stage, placement and sizing of distributed generation and capacitors are specified using SSA. The spring search algorithm is among the optimization algorithms developed by the idea of laws of nature and the search factors are a set of objects. The proposed algorithm is tested on 33-bus and 69-bus radial distribution networks. The test results indicate good performance of the proposed methodЦель. В статье для одновременного размещения распределенной генерации и конденсаторов представлен новый подход, основанный на "пружинном" алгоритме поиска (Spring Search Algorithm, SSA). Данный метод состоит из двух этапов с использованием двух показателей чувствительности Sv и Ss. Показатели чувствительности Sv и Ss рассчитываются в соответствии с номинальным напряжением и потерями в сети. На первом этапе определяются шины-кандидаты для установки распределенной генерации и конденсаторов согласно Sv и Ss. Затем, на втором этапе размещение и калибровка распределенной генерации и конденсаторов выполняются с использованием алгоритма SSA. "Пружинный" алгоритм поиска входит в число алгоритмов оптимизации, разработанных на основе идей законов природы, а факторы поиска представляют собой набор объектов. Предлагаемый алгоритм тестируется на радиальных распределительных сетях с 33 и 69 шинами. Результаты тестирования показывают хорошую эффективность предложенного метода

Review of trends and targets of complex systems for power system optimization

Optimization systems (OSs) allow operators of electrical power systems (PS) to optimally operate PSs and to also create optimal PS development plans. The inclusion of OSs in the PS is a big trend nowadays, and the demand for PS optimization tools and PS-OSs experts is growing. The aim of this review is to define the current dynamics and trends in PS optimization research and to present several papers that clearly and comprehensively describe PS OSs with characteristics corresponding to the identified current main trends in this research area. The current dynamics and trends of the research area were defined on the basis of the results of an analysis of the database of 255 PS-OS-presenting papers published from December 2015 to July 2019. Eleven main characteristics of the current PS OSs were identified. The results of the statistical analyses give four characteristics of PS OSs which are currently the most frequently presented in research papers: OSs for minimizing the price of electricity/OSs reducing PS operation costs, OSs for optimizing the operation of renewable energy sources, OSs for regulating the power consumption during the optimization process, and OSs for regulating the energy storage systems operation during the optimization process. Finally, individual identified characteristics of the current PS OSs are briefly described. In the analysis, all PS OSs presented in the observed time period were analyzed regardless of the part of the PS for which the operation was optimized by the PS OS, the voltage level of the optimized PS part, or the optimization goal of the PS OS.Web of Science135art. no. 107