41 research outputs found
Results about fractional derivatives of Zeta functions
Perhaps the most important function in all mathematics is the Riemann Zeta function. For almost 150 years Mathematicians have tried to understand the behavior of the functionâs complex zeros. Our main aim is to investigate properties of the Riemann Zeta Function and Hurwitz Zeta Functions, which generalize the Riemann Zeta Function. The main goal of this work is to approach this problem from a traditional and computational approach. We aim to investigate derivatives of Zeta functions by exploring the behavior of its fractional derivatives and its derivatives, which has not been sufficiently examined yet
The Emergence of Analysis in the Renaissance and After
Paper by Salomon Bochne
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A new class of coherent states and it's properties.
The study of coherent states (CS) for a quantum mechanical system has
received a lot of attention. The definition, applications, generalizations of
such states have been the subject of work by researchers. A common starting
point of all these approaches is the observation of properties of the original
CS for the harmonic oscillator. It is well-known that they are described
equivalently as (a) eigenstates of the usual annihilation operator, (b) from
a displacement operator acting on a fundamental state and (c) as minimum
uncertainty states. What we observe in the different generalizations proposed
is that the preceding definitions are no longer equivalent and only some of
the properties of the harmonic oscillator CS are preserved.
In this thesis we propose to study a new class of coherent states and
its properties. We note that in one example our CS coincide with the ones
proposed by Glauber where a set of three requirements for such states has
been imposed. The set of our generalized coherent states remains invariant
under the corresponding time evolution and this property is called temporal
stability. Secondly, there is no state which is orthogonal to all coherent states (the coherent states form a total set). The third property is that we
get all coherent states by acting on one of these states [Âżfiducial vectorÂż] with
operators. They are highly non-classical states, in the sense that in general,
their Bargmann functions have zeros which are related to negative regions of
their Wigner functions. Examples of these coherent states with Bargmann
function that involve the Gamma and also the Riemann Âż functions are represented.
The zeros of these Bargmann functions and the paths of the zeros
during time evolution are also studied.Libyan Cultural Affair
On Comparative Prime Number Theory
Komparatiivinen alkulukuteoria tutkii alkulukujen jakaumaa eri jÀÀnnösluokkiin ja erityisesti jakauman vÀÀristymiÀ. Keskeinen tutkimuksen kohde on joukko
P_{ q; a_1, ... , a_r } = { x â„ 2 : Ï (x; q ,a_1 )> ... > Ï (x; q, a_r)},
missĂ€ Ï (x; q, a) laskee alkulukujen muotoa qn+a mÀÀrĂ€n lukuun x asti ja jÀÀnnösluokat a_i ovat yhteistekijĂ€ttömiĂ€ moduluksen q â„ 2 kanssa. P. TĆĄhebyĆĄhov huomasi jo vuonna 1853, ettĂ€ lĂ€hes aina Ï (x; 4,3) on suurempi kuin Ï (x; 4,1), vaikka alkulukulauseen aritmeettisissa jonoissa mukaan nĂ€mĂ€ ovat asymptoottisesti yhtĂ€ suuret. Myös muissa moduluksissa nĂ€hdÀÀn sama ilmiö: Osassa jÀÀnnösluokista on useimmiten enemmĂ€n alkulukuja rajaan x asti kuin toisissa. TĂ€mĂ€n havainnon muotoileminen ei kuitenkaan ole triviaalia, sillĂ€ joukoilla P_{q ;a_1, ... ,a_r} ei aina ole asymptoottista tiheyttĂ€. Vuonna 1994 M. Rubinstein ja P. Sarnak tekivĂ€t lĂ€pimurron joukkojen P_{q; a_1, ... ,a_r} tutkimisessa osoittamalla, ettĂ€ niiden logaritmiset tiheydet ovat positiivisia, mikĂ€li oletetaan kaksi yleisesti uskottua hypoteesia. Joukon A logaritminen tiheys on
ÎŽ(A) = lim_{Xâ â}\frac{1}{log X}ât_{2}^X \frac{dt}{t},
kun raja-arvo on olemassa. Rubinsteinin ja Sarnakin oletukset ovat yleistetty Riemannin hypoteesi ja hypoteesi Dirichlet'n L-funktioiden nollakohtien lineaarisesta riippumattomuudesta rationaalilukujen yli. Ilman nÀitÀ oletuksia Rubinsteinin ja Sarnakin tuloksia ei ole todistettu.
TĂ€ssĂ€ pro gradu -tutkielmassa todistetaan Rubinsteinin ja Sarnakin artikkelin tuloksia yksityiskohtaisesti. Artikkelissa ja tĂ€ssĂ€ tutkielmassa osoitetaan olettaen samat konjektuurit, ettĂ€ ÎŽ(P_{a,b})>\frac{1}{2} jos ja vain jos a on neliönepĂ€jÀÀnnös ja b neliönjÀÀnnös (mod q). TĂ€mĂ€ ehto mÀÀrittÀÀ siis kaikki tapaukset, joissa alkulukuja qn+a mÀÀrĂ€n voi sanoa olevan yleensĂ€ suurempi kuin alkulukujen qn+b johonkin rajaan asti. LisĂ€ksi osoitetaan, ettĂ€ ÎŽ(P_{q; a, b, c}) = \frac{1}{6} tietyissĂ€ tapauksissa, joiden uskotaan olevan ainoat mahdolliset. Rubinstein ja Sarnak osoittivat myös, ettĂ€ moduluksen kasvaessa alkulukujen kilpailut tasaantuvat moduluksen kasvaessa eli ÎŽ(P_{q; a_1, ... ,a_r}) â \frac{1}{r!}, kun qâ â. TĂ€ssĂ€ tutkielmassa todistetaan vastaava vĂ€ite neliönjÀÀnnös- ja neliönepĂ€jÀÀnnösalkulukujen vĂ€liselle vertailulle; tĂ€mĂ€ on myös mainitussa artikkelissa. EdellĂ€ mainittujen lauseiden todistusta varten johdetaan Rubinsteinin ja Sarnakin tulokaava alkulukujen vertailuun liittyvĂ€n mitan Fourier-muunnokselle. YhdessĂ€ eksplisiittisen kaavan ja oletusten nojalla tĂ€mĂ€ mahdollistaa mitan ominaisuuksien hallitsemisen. Lopuksi arvioidaan edellĂ€ mainitun kaltaisten mittojen vĂ€henemisnopeutta.
Luvussa 1 esitetÀÀn historiaa ja motivaatiota. Luvussa 2 todistetaan klassinen eksplisiittinen kaava funktioon Ï (x; q,a) lĂ€heisesti liittyvĂ€lle funktiolle. Luku 3 kertaa mittateorian tuloksia, joita kĂ€ytetÀÀn apuna pÀÀluvussa 4
Isaac Asimovâs sci-fi novella âProfessionâ versus professionalism: Reflections on the (missing) scientific revolutions in the 21th century
This is a partly provocative essay edited as a humanitarian study in philosophy of science and social philosophy. The starting point is Isaac Asimovâs famous sci-fi novella âProfessionâ (1957) to be âbackâ extrapolated to todayâs relation between Thomas Kuhnâs ânormal scienceâ and âscientific revolutionsâ (1962). The latter should be accomplished by Asimovâs main personage George Platenâs ilk (called âfeeble mindedâ in the novella) versus the âburned mindedâ professionals able only to ânormal scienceâ. Francis Fukuyamaâs âend of historyâ in post-Hegelian manner is now interpreted to an analogically supposed âend of scientific historyâ without âscientific revolutionsâ any more. The relevant dystopia of the prolonged or even âeternalâ period of normal science is justified to the contemporary institution of science due to mechanisms such as âpeer-reviewâ, âimpact-factor ratingâ, the projectsâ competition for funding, etc. Positive feedbacks forcing all scientists needing careers to be more and more orthodox are demonstrated therefore establishing for that dystopia to be the real state of contemporary science. Two counterfactual case studies based correspondingly on Feyerabendâs âAgainst methodâ (1975) if Galilei should make his discoveries today and Sokalâs hoax (1996) if he suggested a scientific masterpiece to be really rejected by journals are discussed. Still one case study considering the abundance of Kelvinâs âcloudsâ on the horizon of todayâs physics (dark matter, dark energy, entanglement, quantum gravitation, phenomena refuting the Big Bang, etc.) serves to verify the aforementioned conjecture that science has already entered that dystopia of eternal normal science. The conception of âontomathematicsâ implying âcreation ex nihiloâ being scandalous for the dominating paradigm is sketched as an eventual revolutionary way out. An imaginary and utopic âhappy endâ reinterpreting the analogical âhappy endâ of Asimovâs âProfessionâ finishes the essay âinstead of conclusionâ relying on the Internet and AI in an increasingly âfluidâ and anti-hierarchical society