CHARACTERIZING COSTS, SAVINGS AND BENEFITS OF A SELECTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE UNITED STATES

Implementation and adoption of efficient end-use technologies have proven to be one of the key measures for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the industries. In many cases, implementing energy efficiency measures is among one of the most cost effective investments that the industry could make in improving efficiency and productivity while reducing CO2 emissions. Over the years, there have been incentives to use resources and energy in a cleaner and more efficient way to create industries that are sustainable and more productive. With the working of energy programs and policies on GHG inventory and regulation, understanding and managing the costs associated with mitigation measures for GHG reductions is very important for the industry and policy makers around the world. Successful implementation of emerging technologies not only can help advance productivities and competitiveness but also can play a significant role in mitigation efforts by saving energy. Providing evaluation and estimation of the costs and energy savings potential of emerging technologies is the focus of our work in this project. The overall goal of the project is to identify and select emerging and under-utilized energy-efficient technologies and practices as they are important to reduce energy consumption in industry while maintaining economic growth. This report contains the results from performing Task 2"Technology evaluation" for the project titled"Research Opportunities in Emerging and Under-Utilized Energy-Efficient Industrial Technologies," which was sponsored by California Energy Commission and managed by CIEE. The project purpose is to analyze market status, market potential, and economic viability of selected technologies applicable to the U.S. In this report, LBNL first performed re-assessments of all of the 33 emerging energy-efficient industrial technologies, including re-evaluation of the 26 technologies that were previously identified by Martin et al. (2000) and their potential significance to energy use in the industries, and new evaluation of additional seven technologies. The re-assessments were essentially updated with recent information that we searched and collected from literature to the extent possible. The progress of selected technologies as they diffused into the marketplace from 2000 to 2010 was then discussed in this report. The report also includes updated detailed characterizations of 15 technologies studied in 2000, with comparisons noted

Geopolymers for tile industry

This project aims to develop energy-saving methods for manufacturing tiles by using geopolymerization as an innovative processing technique. In fact, classical ceramic tiles are usually produced by sintering at temperatures ranging between 1100-1250 °C depending on natural raw materials selected for the mixture. Geopolymers, instead, are amorphous aluminosilicate inorganic polymers obtained by mixing alkali-silicate solutions with reactive aluminosilicate precursors, and geopolymerization may occur at room temperature or at temperature lower than 150 °C, and several types of waste may be used as geopolymer precursors. The possibility to obtain geopolymer tiles with properties comparable with those of ceramic tiles is extremely challenging, but geopolymerization would represent a huge energy-saving in the consolidation process as well as in natural raw materials exploitation

Development and Characterization of Sustainable Geomaterial Using Mining and Industrial Wastes

The rapid growth of infrastructure needs a vast amount of natural resources to be used as an engineering material; on the other, industries and mining sectors are facing difficulty in managing their by-products. Hence, research needs in the alteration of the industrial wastes that can overcome the above challenges with minimum or no adverse effect on the geoenvironment, which especially can be termed as a sustainable material. In the present study attempts have been made to develop sustainable materials, (i) controlled low strength material (CLSM), (ii) biopolymer based cementitious material and (iii) alkali activated material (AAM) from industrial and mining wastes. The controlled low strength materials are developed using (i) less explored industrial waste ferrochrome slag (FS) and (ii) coal mine overburden with fly ash and cement as the binder for both the cases. Experimental investigations like flowability, bleeding, compressive strength, California bearing ratio (CBR), settlement, ultrasonic pulse velocity and slake durability index are made on developed CLSM. Use of optical microscope to characterise the granular material FS in terms of sphericity and workability of the material is another aspect of the present work. The developed CLSM material can be used for different structural fill works with “Low flowability, to “High flowability” with the bleeding value less than 3.5%, with water content varying from 25 to 32%. The 28 days’ density varies from 15.7 kN/m3 to 16.5 kN/m3 with ultrasonic pulse velocity values close to 2000, and the water absorption values less than 3%. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) value upto 2.75 MPa and CBR value more than 100% was obtained. Biopolymer-based cementitious materials are made using (i) fly ash and (ii) fine fraction of coal mine overburden for wind and water erosion control using three types of biopolymers; xanthan gum (XG), guar gum (GG) and carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium (CMC) salt. The wind erodibility of the materials are studied using water retention, surface resistance and wind tunnel test, similarly pinhole test, cylindrical dispersion tests are conducted to know the water erosion resistance. For water erosion, the CMC is more effective followed by GG and XG for both shale and fly ash. The surface strength of CMC and XG treated shale and fly ash increased with increase in concentration of solution upto 2%, but optimum percentage of GG treated samples observed at 1%. Higher surface strength of CMC and GG showed better wind erosion resistance. The surface strength of biopolymer treated cohesive material shale is more than that of non-cohesive material fly ash, with the denser microstructure of treated samples due to the bonding of particles. The other sustainable material, alkali activated material using mine overburden and mine tailing is discussed in terms of compressive strength after 7 and 28 days of curing under ambient, alkali and sulphate solution to simulate different environmental conditions. Development of CLSM using AAM and use of slake durability index to assess the durability of developed sustainable material are some of the novelty of the present work. The AAM using mine overburdens are found to have 28 days compressive strength varying from 25.58MPa to 59.00 MPa depending upon the curing conditions and the base materials. The slake durability test indicates the developed AAM is “medium-high durable” to “high durable material”, similar to that of sandstone. The leachate analyses on the developed sustainable materials show no adverse effect on the geoenvironment. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrical conductivity, zeta potential, etc. are also used for the characterization of basic material and the developed sustainable material to correlate with their macro properties. The present work will help in the possible utilisation of the developed sustainable material in infrastructure. But, the future challenges are (i) development of suitable machinery and equipment for implementation of CLSM process, (ii) pilot project study on the implementation of biopolymers for erosion control at the site and (iii) identification of cost-effective activators, possibly from industrial wastes

Proceedings of FORM 2022. Construction The Formation of Living Environment

This study examines the integration of building information modelling (BIM) technologies in operation & maintenance stage in the system of managing real estate that helps to reduce transaction costs. The approach and method are based on Digital Twin technology and Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) approach. The results of the development of a service for digital facility management and digital expertise are presented. The connection between physical and digital objects is conceptualized

2011 IMSAloquium, Student Investigation Showcase

Inquiry Without Boundaries reflects our students’ infinite possibilities to explore their unique passions, develop new interests, and collaborate with experts around the globe.https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/archives_sir/1003/thumbnail.jp

Pavement Design Guide: A Short Course

The purpose of this short course is to provide information to the registered engineer (with no previous background in pavement design or pavement technology) on the structural design of pavements. Included in this course is a summary of background information on the materials used in pavement construction and on the history and evolution of pavement design. Included with this course is an updated Design Guide or catalog to be used for designing new pavements in Kentucky. The intent of the guide or catalog is to provide the road\\ a) designer with a simplified, straightforward methodology for developing structural designs of pavements

Clemson Catalog, 1959-1960, Volume 35

https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/clemson_catalog/1115/thumbnail.jp

Progenitor cells in auricular cartilage demonstrate promising cartilage regenerative potential in 3D hydrogel culture

The reconstruction of auricular deformities is a very challenging surgical procedure that could benefit from a tissue engineering approach. Nevertheless, a major obstacle is presented by the acquisition of sufficient amounts of autologous cells to create a cartilage construct the size of the human ear. Extensively expanded chondrocytes are unable to retain their phenotype, while bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) show endochondral terminal differentiation by formation of a calcified matrix. The identification of tissue-specific progenitor cells in auricular cartilage, which can be expanded to high numbers without loss of cartilage phenotype, has great prospects for cartilage regeneration of larger constructs. This study investigates the largely unexplored potential of auricular progenitor cells for cartilage tissue engineering in 3D hydrogels

Energy. A continuing bibliography with indexes, issue 18

This issue of Energy lists 1038 reports, journal articles, and other documents announced between April 1, 1978 and June 30, 1978 in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) or in International Aerospace Abstracts (IAA). The coverage includes regional, national and international energy systems; research and development on fuels and other sources of energy; energy conversion, transport, transmission, distribution and storage, with special emphasis on use of hydrogen and of solar energy. Also included are methods of locating or using new energy resources. Of special interest is energy for heating, lighting, for powering aircraft, surface vehicles, or other machinery