All-optical 2R regeneration with a vertical microcavity based saturable absorber

International audienceThis paper gives an overview of recent demonstrations of optical 2R regeneration achieved by vertical microcavity mirror based multiple-quantum-well Saturable Absorber (SA). The potential of the device to perform WDM regeneration is firstly demonstrated through the first pigtailed saturable absorber chip implemented with 8 independent fibres using a cost effective coupling technique. The cascadability and wavelength tunability assessment of this module associated to a power limiter fibre-based function has been experimentally demonstrated at 42.6 Gbit/s. Because this method of power limiting is not a suitable solution for all-optical multichannel 2R regeneration, a new SA structure allowing a power limiting function was proposed. We describe and characterize such a structure in this paper. This new SA opens the door to a complete passive all-optical 2R regeneration relying upon a single technology, as shown in this paper through the use of two SA: SA.0 for extinction ratio enhancement and SA.1 for power level equalization allowing receiver sensitivity (up to 3.5 dB) and Q factor (up to 1.4 dB) improvement for a RZ signal at 42.6 Gbit/s. The limitation of SA.1 when the regenerator must be cascaded a large number of times is also described, leading to the observation that SA.1 should be more suitable for phase encoded formats which are more spectrally efficient than OOK formats. A SA.1 used as a phase-preserving amplitude regenerator in a 42.6 Gbit/s RZ-DPSK transmission system is therefore assessed. A fibre launched power margin of 2 dB and a receiver sensitivity improvement of 5.5 dB are obtained. Finally, we use, for the first time an SA.1 as a phase-preserving amplitude regenerator of RZ DQPSK signals. The regenerator is assessed in a recirculating loop at 28 Gbaud. The system tolerance to nonlinear phase noise is enhanced by 3 dB and the distance improvement factor was 1.3 for a BER=10-4

All-optical phase-preserving amplitude regeneration of 28-Gbaud RZ-DQPSK signals with a microcavity saturable absorber in a recirculating loop experiment

Oral presentationInternational audienceMicrocavity Saturable absorber is used for phase-preserving amplitude regeneration of RZ-DQPSK signals. The regenerator is assessed in a 28 Gbaud recirculating loop showing system tolerance to nonlinear phase noise and distance improvement

All-optical mitigation of amplitude and phase-shift drift noise in semiconductor optical amplifiers

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)An all-optical scheme aimed at minimizing distortions induced by semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) over modulated optical carriers is presented. The scheme employs an additional SOA properly biased to act as a saturated absorber, and thus counteract the distortions induced by the first amplifying device. The scheme here is demonstrated in silico, for 40 and 100 Gb/s (10 and 25 Gbaud, 16 QAM), with reasonable total gain (>20 dB) for symbol error rate below the forward error correction limit. (C) 2015 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)An all-optical scheme aimed at minimizing distortions induced by semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) over modulated optical carriers is presented. The scheme employs an additional SOA properly biased to act as a saturated absorber, and thus counteract5410CAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP [2007/56024-4, 2015/50063-4]CNPq [CNPQ 574017/2008-9]sem informação574017/2008-92007/56024-4 ; 2015/50063-4The authors would like to thank CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), CNPq (National Council of Scientific and Technological Development), Espaço da Escrita-Coordenadoria Geralda Universidade-UNICAMP-for the language service

Detection and processing of phase modulated optical signals at 40 Gbit/s and beyond

This thesis addresses demodulation in direct detection systems and signal processing of high speed phase modulated signals in future all-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems where differential phase shift keying (DPSK) or differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) are used to transport information. All-optical network functionalities -such as optical labeling, wavelength conversion and signal regeneration- are experimentally investigated. Direct detection of phase modulated signals requires phase-to-intensity modulation conversion in a demodulator at the receiver side. This is typically implemented in a one bit delay Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). Two alternative ways of performing phase-to-intensity modulation conversion are presented. Successful demodulation of DPSK signals up to 40 Gbit/s is demonstrated using the proposed two devices. Optical labeling has been proposed as an efficient way to implement packet routing and forwarding functionalities in future IP-over-WDM networks. An in-band subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) labeled signal using 40 Gbit/s DSPK payload and 25 Mbit/s non return-to-zero(NRZ) SCM label, is successfully transmitted over 80 km post-compensated non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZDSF) span. Using orthogonal labeling, an amplitude shift keying (ASK)/DPSK labeled signal using 40 Gbit/s return-to-zero (RZ) payload and 2.5 Gbit/s DPSK label, is generated. WDM transmission and label swapping are demonstrated for such a signal. In future all-optical WDM networks, wavelength conversion is an essential functionality to provide wavelength flexibility and avoid wavelength blocking. Using a 50 m long highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (HNL-PCF), with a simple four-wave mixing (FWM) scheme, wavelength conversion of single channel and multi-channel high-speed DPSK signals is presented. Wavelength conversion of an 80 Gbit/s RZ-DPSK-ASK signal generated by combining different modulation formats is also reported. Amplitude distortion accumulated over transmission spans will eventually be converted into nonlinear phase noise, and consequently degrade the performance of systems making use of RZ-DPSK format. All-optical signal regeneration avoiding O-E-O conversion is desired to improve signal quality in ultra long-haul transmission systems. Proof-of-principle numerical simulation results are provided, that suggest the amplitude regeneration capability based on FWM in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). The first reported experimental demonstration of amplitude equalization of 40 Gbit/s RZ-DPSK signals using a 500 m long HNLF is presented. Using four possible phase levels to carry the information, DQPSK allows generation of high-speed optical signals at bit rate that is twice the operating speed of the electronics involved. Generation of an 80 Gbit/s DQPSK signal is demonstrated using 40 Gbit/s equipment. The first demonstration of wavelength conversion of such a high-speed signal is implemented using FWM in a 1 km long HNLF. No indication of error floor is observed. Using polarization multiplexing and combination of DQPSK with ASK and RZ pulse carving at a symbol rate of 40 Gbaud, a 240 Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK-ASK signal is generated and transmitted over 50 km fiber span with no power penalty. In summary, we show that direct detection and all-optical signal processing -including optical labeling, wavelength conversion and signal regeneration- that already have been studied intensively for signals using conventional on-off keying (OOK) format, can also be successfully implemented for high-speed phase modulated signals. The results obtained in this work are believed to enhance the feasibility of phase modulation in future ultra-high speed spectrally efficient optical communication systems

Pedagogical implications of conversational implicatures in Austen’s pride and prejudice

This research was aimed at figuring out the meanings, their various forms, their intended sense used in pride and prejudice by Jane Austen. The data were collected through certain procedures focused on the theory of relevance. The utterances in dialogs which contain implications were selected and determined to be analyzed. Certain procedures were presented and defined used to analyze the data based on ‘Relevance theory’; which involves not only encoding and decoding messages through communication but also various other elements, comprising inference and context. Analyses and findings of the study reveal that there were 60 implications were distributed into strong and weak forms. As a follow-up, the study was performed to the second-semester students of the Baghdad University Graduate Program, resulting in no substantial correlation between the awareness of implications and significance theory of the respondents and their success in evaluating implications using the p-value hypothesis of 0.406 (p-value > 0.05)

QPSK phase and amplitude regeneration at 56 Gbaud in a novel idler-free non-degenerate phase sensitive amplifier

We introduce a novel input-idler-free non-degenerate phase sensitive amplifier (PSA) configuration and use it for simultaneous phase and amplitude regeneration of quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) signals demonstrated at symbol rates up to 56 Gbaud

A conceptual framework of info structure for information security risk assessment (ISRA)

Information security has become a vital entity to most organizations today due to current trends in information transfer through a borderless and vulnerable world. The concern and interest in information security is mainly due to the fact that information security risk assessment (ISRA) is a vital method to not only to identify and prioritize information assets but also to identify and monitor the specific threats that an organization induces; especially the chances of these threats occurring and their impact on the respective businesses. However, organizations wanting to conduct risk assessment may face problems in selecting suitable methods that would augur well in meeting their needs. This is due to the existence of numerous methodologies that are readily available. However, there is a lack in agreed reference benchmarking as well as in the comparative framework for evaluating these ISRA methods to access the information security risk. Generally, organizations will choose the most appropriate ISRA method by carrying out a comparative study between the available methodologies in detail before a suitable method is selected to conduct the risk assessment. This paper suggests a conceptual framework of info-structure for ISRA that was developed by comparing and analysing six methodologies which are currently available. The info�structure for ISRA aims to assist organizations in getting a general view of ISRA flow, gath�ering information on the requirements to be met before risk assessment can be conducted successfully. This info-structure can be conveniently used by organizations to complete all the required planning as well as the selection of suitable methods to complete the ISRA

Phase discrimination and simultaneous frequency conversion of the orthogonal components of an optical signal by four-wave mixing in an SOA

Simultaneous conversion of the two orthogonal phase components of an optical input to different output frequencies has been demonstrated by simulation and experiment. A single stage of four-wave mixing between the input signal and four pumps derived from a frequency comb was employed. The nonlinear device was a semiconductor optical amplifier, which provided overall signal gain and sufficient contrast for phase sensitive signal processing. The decomposition of a quadrature phase-shift keyed signal into a pair of binary phase-shift keyed outputs at different frequencies was also demonstrated by simulation

A New All-Optical Signal Regeneration Technique for 10 GB/S DPSK Transmission System

The transmission of high power inside the optical fiber, produce amplitude noise, phase noise and other transmission impairments that degrade the performance of optical communication system. The signal regeneration techniques are used to mitigate these nonlinear impairments in the electrical or in the optical domain. All-optical signal regeneration techniques are one of the solutions to mitigate these nonlinear transmission impairments in the optical domain without converting the signal from optical to electrical domain. The existing techniques are not capable enough to attain the Bit Error Rate (BER) less than 10-10 with the power penalty less than – 9dBm. In this paper, a new all-optical signal regeneration technique is developed that mitigate amplitude and phase noises in the optical domain. The new optical signal regeneration technique is developed by combining the two existing technique one is 3R (Reshaping, Reamplification and Retiming) regeneration and other is Phase Sensitive Amplification (PSA). The 10Gb/s Differential Phase shift Keying (DPSK) noisy transmission system is used to verify the features of developed technique. The developed technique successfully mitigates the nonlinear impairments from the noisy DPSK system with significant improvement in BER at low power penalty with the additional feature of high Q-factor and an eye open response for the regenerated signal. It is determined that BER of 10-12 is achieved at the power penalty of -14 dBm with Q-factor of 42 and an eye opened response. The developed technique in the DPSK system is realized using commercial software package Optisystem. The designed technique will be helpful to enhance the performance existing high-speed optical communication by achieving the minimum BER at low power penalty