Lo que hacemos y presuponemos cuando demostramos: de la semántica a la meta-pragmática

En este artículo, defendemos que demostrativos son expresiones de atención conjunta. Aunque dicha idea no sea precisamente novedosa en la literatura filosófica o lingüística, sostendremos aquí que sus defensores todavía no nos han mostrado como incluir esa observación en las teorías más tradicionales de demostrativos. Nuestro propósito por lo tanto es llenar ese vacío. Argumentaremos que actividades de atención coordinada deben ser incorporadas a una teoría de demostrativos cómo información metapragmática. Defenderemos dos puntos. Primero que presuponer pragmáticamente la saliencia del referente es un aspecto fundamental del uso de demostrativos (algo previsto por su semántica y por su metasemántica). Segundo, sostendremos que la pragmática de demostrar solo puede ser entendida adecuadamente en su relación con las condiciones metapragmáticas provenientes de la atención conjunta. Usaremos intuiciones de ‘gaps’ de valor de verdad como evidencia para tal afirmación. Creemos que nuestra propuesta ofrece una visión completa de lo que los hablantes hacen y presuponen cuando realizan actos de referencia demostrativa a través del lenguaje.: In this paper, we defend that demonstratives are expressions of joint attention. Though this idea is not exactly new in the philosophical or linguistic literature, we argue here that their proponents have not yet shown how to incorporate these observations into more traditional theories of demonstratives. Our purpose is then to attempt to fill this gap. We argue that coordinated attentional activities are better integrated into a full account of demonstratives as meta-pragmatic information. Our claim is twofold. First, we claim that pragmatically presupposing salience is a fundamental aspect of using demonstratives (predicted by their semantics and meta-semantics). Secondly, we hold that the pragmatics of demonstrating can only be properly understood in relation to meta-pragmatic conditions that have to do with joint attention. We use tests of truth-value gap as evidence for our claim. Our proposal provides us with a complete view of what speakers do and presuppose when engaging in acts of demonstrative reference through language.Neste artigo, defendemos que demonstrativos são expressões de atenção conjunta. Apesar de esta ideia não ser exatamente nova na literatura filosófica ou linguística, argumentaremos aqui que seus defensores ainda não mostraram como combinar tais observações com teorias mais tradicionais de demonstrativos. Nosso propósito é, então, preencher essa lacuna. Nós argumentaremos que atividades de atenção coordenada são mais bem integradas a uma teoria de demonstrativos como informação meta-pragmática. Defenderemos dois pontos. Primeiramente, que pressupor pragmaticamente a saliência do referente é um aspecto fundamental de se usar demonstrativos (algo previsto por sua semântica e meta-semântica). Em segundo lugar, sustentaremos que a pragmática de demonstrar só pode ser apropriadamente entendida em relação a condições meta-pragmáticas que têm a ver com a atenção conjunta. Nós usaremos testes de intuições de “gaps” de valor de verdade como evidência para tal alegação. Nossa proposta nos provê com uma visão completa do que os falantes fazem e pressupõem quando se engajam em atos de referência demonstrativa através da linguagem.Fil: Calado Barbosa, Eduarda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas. - Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Filosófico. Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas; ArgentinaFil: Nogueira de Carvalho, Felipe. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasi

Essence and Necessity, and the Aristotelian Modal Syllogistic: A Historical and Analytical Study

The following is a critical and historical account of Aristotelian Essentialism informed by recent work on Aristotle’s modal syllogistic. The semantics of the modal syllogistic are interpreted in a way that is motivated by Aristotle, and also make his validity claims in the Prior Analytics consistent to a higher degree than previously developed interpretative models. In Chapter One, ancient and contemporary objections to the Aristotelian modal syllogistic are discussed. A resolution to apparent inconsistencies in Aristotle’s modal syllogistic is proposed and developed out of recent work by Patterson, Rini, and Malink. In particular, I argue that the semantics of negation is distinct in modal context from those of assertoric negative claims. Given my interpretive model of Aristotle’s semantics, in Chapter Two, I provide proofs for each of the mixed apodictic syllogisms, and propose a method of using Venn Diagrams to visualize the validity claims Aristotle makes in the Prior Analytics. Chapter Three explores how Aristotle’s syllogistic fits within Aristotle’s philosophy of science and demonstration, particularly within the context of the Posterior Analytics. Consideration is given to the Aristotelian understanding of the relationship among necessity, explanation, definition, and essence. Chapter Four applies Aristotelian modal logic in contemporary contexts. I contrast Aristotelian modality and essentialism with contemporary modalism based upon the semantics of possible worlds, e.g. Kripke and Putnam. I also develop an account of how Aristotelian modal logic can ground a sortal dependent theory of identity, as discussed by Wiggins

Schelling\u27s Naturalism: Motion, Space, and the Volition of Thought

This dissertation examines F.W.J. von Schelling\u27s Philosophy of Nature (or Naturphilosophie) as a form of early, and transcendentally expansive, naturalism that is, simultaneously, a naturalized transcendentalism. By focusing on space and motion, this dissertation argues that thought should be viewed as a natural activity through and through. This view is made possible by German Idealism historically, and yet, is complicated and obscured by contemporary philosophy\u27s treatment of German Idealism in both analytic and continental circles. The text engages with the foundations of Schelling\u27s theory of nature as well as geometry, field theory, inter-theory relations, epistemology, and pragmatism

Estimating Dependences and Risk between Gold Prices and S&P500: New Evidences from ARCH,GARCH, Copula and ES-VaR models

This thesis examines the correlations and linkages between the stock and commodity in order to quantify the risk present for investors in financial market (stock and commodity) using the Value at Risk measure. The risk assessed in this thesis is losses on investments in stock (S&P500) and commodity (gold prices). The structure of this thesis is based on three empirical chapters. We emphasise the focus by acknowledging the risk factor which is the non-stop fluctuation in the prices of commodity and stock prices. The thesis starts by measuring volatility, then dependence which is the correlation and lastly measure the expected shortfalls and Value at risk (VaR). The research focuses on mitigating the risk using VaR measures and assessing the use of the volatility measures such as ARCH and GARCH and basic VaR calculations, we also measured the correlation using the Copula method. Since, the measures of volatility methods have limitations that they can measure single security at a time, the second empirical chapter measures the interdependence of stock and commodity (S&P500 and Gold Price Index) by investigating the risk transmission involved in investing in any of them and whether the ups and downs in the prices of one effect the prices of the other using the Time Varying copula method. Lastly, the third empirical chapter which is the last chapter, investigates the expected shortfalls and Value at Risk (VaR) between the S&P500 and Gold prices Index using the ES-VaR method proposed by Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018). Volatility is considered to be the most popular and traditional measure of risk. For which we have used ARCH and GARCH model in our first empirical chapter. However, the problem with volatility is that it does not take into account the direction of an investments’ movement: volatility of stocks is that they suddenly jump higher and investors are not distressed with gains. When we talk about investors for them the risk is about the odds of losing money, after my research and findings VaR is based on the common-sense fact. Hence, investors care about the odds of big losses, VaR answers the question, what is my worst-case scenario? Or simply how much I could lose in a really bad month? The results of the thesis demonstrated that measuring volatility (ARCH GARCH) alone was not sufficient in measuring the risk involved in an investment therefore methodologies such as correlation and VAR demonstrates better results. In terms of measuring the interdependence, the Time Varying Copula is used since the dynamic structure of the de- pendence between the data can be modelled by allowing either the copula function or the dependence parameter to be time varying. Lastly, hybrid model further demonstrates the average return on a risky asset for which Expected Shortfall (ES) along with some quantile dependence and VaR (Value at risk) is utilised. Basel III Accord which is applied in coming years till 2019 focuses more on ES unlike VaR, hence there is little existing work on modelling ES. The thesis focused on the results from the model of Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018) which is based on the statistical decision theory. Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018), overcame the problem of elicitability for ES by using ES and VaR jointly and propose the new dynamic model of risk measure. This research adds to the contribution of knowledge that measuring risk by using volatility is not enough for measuring risk, interdependence helps in measuring the dependency of one variable over the other and estimations and inference methods proposed by Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018) using simulations proposed in ES-VaR model further concludes that ARCH and GARCH or other rolling window models are not enough for determining the risk forecasts. The results suggest, in first empirical chapter we see volatility between Gold prices and S&P500. The second empirical chapter results suggest conditional dependence of the two indexes is strongly time varying. The correlation between the stock is high before 2008. The results further displayed slight stronger bivariate upper tail, which signifies that the conditional dependence of the indexes is influence by positive shocks. The last empirical chapter findings proposed that measuring forecasts using ES-Var model proposed by Patton, Ziegel and Chen (2018) does outer perform forecasts based on univariate GARCH model. Investors want to 10 protect themselves from high losses and ES-VaR model discussed in last chapter would certainly help them to manage their funds properly

Johanssonian Investigations

In the last decades, Ingvar Johansson has made a formidable contribution to the development of philosophy and particularly that of metaphysics. This volume consists of original papers written by 50 philosophers from all over the world to celebrate his 70th birthday. The papers cover traditional issues in metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, applied ethics, applied metaphysics, the nature of human rights, the philosophy of economics and sports

Experiential embodiment and human immediacy: Adorno’s negative affinity

This thesis argues for the continuing possibility of Adorno set against the backdrop of a post-modern proliferation of affects. A major theoretical contention is the concept of the subject: a sticking point within philosophy. The thesis takes this up and offers a new pathway without falling into the cliché of a renewal of Adorno’s position. Drawing on Adorno’s theoretical thoughts on the subject the thesis contends that the subject is that which by turns dissolves all eventualities or more proportionally acts like a place-holder for the newly emerging: structures that cannot be explained by recourse to the laws that govern its parts. These experiential structures present a surface, resistance, or solidarity that upon closer examination dissolve back into the ephemeral. Although such structures are profligate and prolific, the thesis adopts as its major concern artworks and aesthetics. Following Adorno, a claim is made for artworks that present open-ended possibilities. They are able for example to critically challenge the dominant hegemony the profundity that all too easily sides with the oppressors of life. What philosophy, a critical tool in furtherance of the good life, a concept restaged, here takes from art is not a sense of equivalence, art and philosophy are held apart in a creative and critical tension, but the sense of yearning that animates the nonconceptual side of art which the concept negates. The yearning, being experiential, is always embodied. Its fulfilment negates the immediacies, the mere appearance of life, particularly in its systematically reflexive form. The conclusion concurs with Adorno in the thought that affinity with the object is achieved not as the resultant of identity thinking, but through the act of definite negation of identifying schema

Dynamic Assessment and Informed Intervention for Children with Language Impairment

Although speech and language therapy practitioners commonly place great weight on standardised, static assessment, the procedures may not be fully representative, and reveal little about the child’s learning potential or the direction that intervention should take. Vygotsky’s theories, particularly his notion of the Zone of Proximal Development, underpin a range of approaches within the complementary assessment paradigm known as Dynamic Assessment (DA) (Vygotsky 1986). The term is used for assessments consisting of ‘active intervention by the examiners and assessment of examinees’ response to intervention” (Haywood and Lidz 2007 P1) The current project investigated the application of Dynamic Assessment to a population of children with previously identified Language Impairments. As in parallel studies of intelligence, both manifest skills of language, and underlying processes used in manipulating and constructing language as a tool, were elucidated. The contribution that such an assessment can make to extending the understanding of language impairment, and in devising intervention programmes was investigated. This thesis describes the development of a Dynamic Assessment task requiring implicit knowledge of syntactic structure. The construction of the procedure was a novel adaptation and combination of established DA methodologies that are described and evaluated in Chapter 1. The task, which is essentially a sentence anagram, comprised 12 items specifically selected to assess particular grammatical structures reported in Chapter 2 to be problematic in children with Specific Language Impairments (SLI). The details of the task construction are reported in Chapter 3. The measure was employed on 24 children aged 8-10, with identified language impairment, and the results are reported in Chapter 4. Inter-rater reliability of the test measure was 88%, and the sensitivity of the test to change over time was demonstrated. Information about participants’ ability to transfer learning between items, their ability to use less directive prompts, their strategy use, and their metalinguistic and metacognitive awareness was extracted, and reported to the speech and language therapists working with the children. Evaluation of the test is discussed in Chapter 5. The thesis also reports on an investigation of the role of the information derived from the DA in informing intervention programmes (Chapter 6). The same cohort of 24 children with SLI was randomly allocated to two groups. Reports from the DA were used to inform the ongoing language intervention of one of the groups of children. In Chapter 7 the outcomes of therapy from that group were compared to the outcomes of the group receiving regular intervention. Differences between groups were nonsignificant although the gains achieved by subgroups of children were predicted, and in particular children making little progress in their ongoing therapy were shown to derive most benefit from the modified intervention. The information was rated as useful by participating SLTs who altered the nature of their intervention strategies. Discussion of the results and identification of factors such as emotional and behavioural issues that affect progress in intervention are discussed in Chapter 8. Implications for further development of the DA paradigm are discussed, and conclusions are summarized in Chapter 9

Geoffrey Hill: poetry, criticism and philosophy

This thesis examines the role played by philosophy in the poetry and criticism of Geoffrey Hill. Despite countless references to philosophy throughout Hill’s critical authorship, there exists no study of any length on this vital aspect of his thought. Through close readings of his poetry, criticism, and archival material, I attempt to demonstrate that philosophy has played a more crucial role in Hill’s work than has hitherto been assumed. Hill’s sceptical attitude to philosophy is intimately connected with his understanding of poetry as a sensate form of cognition. My thesis examines the ways Hill’s poetry and criticism responds to the challenges imposed upon this scepticism by a tradition of philosophy that emphasises the importance of the aesthetic to its analyses of modernity’s contradictions. I argue that a tradition of Anglophone Idealist thinkers, from S.T. Coleridge, via T.H. Green and F.H. Bradley, to Gillian Rose, is of sustained relevance to Hill’s work, shaping the way he thinks about politics, ethics and literature. In particular, German Idealism’s attempts to negotiate universality and particularity via an emphasis on the aesthetic bases of critical thought lay the groundwork for an understanding of poetry as a mode of cognition. Reading Hill’s poetry from For the Unfallen to Oraclau/Oracles, I try to show the ways in which problems traditionally conceived of as philosophical can be cognised in prosody and syntax. In part a vindication of Hill’s elevation of poetry over philosophy, these readings also show the degree to which Hill’s ‘craft of vision’ is indebted to conceptual and aesthetic models supplied by philosophy

A COGNITIVE APPROACH TO BENACERRAF’S DILEMMA

One of the important challenges in the philosophy of mathematics is to account for the se­ mantics of sentences that express mathematical propositions while simultaneously explaining our access to their contents. This is Benacerraf’s Dilemma. In this dissertation, I argue that cognitive science furnishes new tools by means of which we can make progress on this problem. The foundation of the solution, I argue, must be an ontologically realist, albeit non-platonist, conception of mathematical reality. The semantic portion of the problem can be addressed by accepting a Chomskyan conception of natural languages and a matching internalist, mentalist and nativist view of semantics. A helpful perspective on the epistemic aspect of the puzzle can be gained by translating Kurt Godel’s neo-Kantian conception of the nature of mathematics and its objects into modern, cognitive term