29 research outputs found
Development of an adaptive headlamp system
The highest fatal traffic accident rate occurs on curved roads at nighttime. In most cases, the late recognition of objects in the traffic zone plays a key role. These facts point to the importance of the role of automobile forward-lighting systems. In order to provide enhanced nighttime safety measures, this work aims to design and build a prototype of steerable headlights by adapting a conventional static headlamp with a very close eye on cost and reliability. Components that are easily available in the market and suitable for developing a steerable headlight system were tested. Different kinds of tests were done on critical parts of the system in order to determine its accuracy, its response time, and the system impact. Finally, the results acquired from these various tests will be discussed. Any findings and changes that should be made are discussed and may be useful for future development
Design of Adaptive Headlights for Automobiles
The highest fatal traffic accident rate occurs on curved roads at nighttime. Night time driving with conventional headlamps is particularly unsafe. Only 25% of the driving is done at night but 55% of the driving accidents occur during this period. The existing conventional light systems do not provide illumination in the right direction on curve roads. Due to this constrain, a need to understand an alternative technology solution. The aim is to improve visibility for driver and so achieve a significant increase in safety and driving comfort. This calls for a flexible front light for automobiles to illuminate road ahead in the night at corner. Adaptive front lighting system (AFS) helps improve driverโs visibility at night time hence achieving enhance safety. AFS (adaptive front-lighting system) used to detect information about corner in advance with help of sensor which detect the information send it to motor to adjust headlamps to get the lighting beam which was suitable for the corner. Through this way, it could avoid "blind spot" caused by the fixed lighting area when coming into the corner, and improve driving safety.
DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.150315
์ฐจ๋์ฉ ํค๋์ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ค๊ณ์ ๊ดํ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ณตํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ฐ์
๊ณตํ๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๋ฐ์ฐ์ง.Head-up display (HUD) systems were introduced into the automobile industry as a means for improving driving safety. They superimpose safety-critical information on top of the drivers forward field of view and thereby help drivers keep their eyes forward while driving. Since the first introduction about three decades ago, automotive HUDs have been available in various commercial vehicles.
Despite the long history and potential benefits of automotive HUDs, however, the design of useful automotive HUDs remains a challenging problem. In an effort to contribute to the design of useful automotive HUDs, this doctoral dissertation research conducted four studies.
In Study 1, the functional requirements of automotive HUDs were investigated by reviewing the major automakers' automotive HUD products, academic research studies that proposed various automotive HUD functions, and previous research studies that surveyed drivers HUD information needs. The review results indicated that: 1) the existing commercial HUDs perform largely the same functions as the conventional in-vehicle displays, 2) past research studies proposed various HUD functions for improving driver situation awareness and driving safety, 3) autonomous driving and other new technologies are giving rise to new HUD information, and 4) little research is currently available on HUD users perceived information needs. Based on the review results, this study provides insights into the functional requirements of automotive HUDs and also suggests some future research directions for automotive HUD design.
In Study 2, the interface design of automotive HUDs for communicating safety-related information was examined by reviewing the existing commercial HUDs and display concepts proposed by academic research studies. Each display was analyzed in terms of its functions, behaviors and structure. Also, related human factors display design principles, and, empirical findings on the effects of interface design decisions were reviewed when information was available. The results indicated that: 1) information characteristics suitable for the contact-analog and unregistered display formats, respectively, are still largely unknown, 2) new types of displays could be developed by combining or mixing existing displays or display elements at both the information and interface element levels, and 3) the human factors display principles need to be used properly according to the situation and only to the extent that the resulting display respects the limitations of the human information processing, and achieving balance among the principles is important to an effective design. On the basis of the review results, this review suggests design possibilities and future research directions on the interface design of safety-related automotive HUD systems.
In Study 3, automotive HUD-based take-over request (TOR) displays were developed and evaluated in terms of drivers take-over performance and visual scanning behavior in a highly automated driving situation. Four different types of TOR displays were comparatively evaluated through a driving simulator study - they were: Baseline (an auditory beeping alert), Mini-map, Arrow, and Mini-map-and-Arrow. Baseline simply alerts an imminent take-over, and was always included when the other three displays were provided. Mini-map provides situational information. Arrow presents the action direction information for the take-over. Mini-map-and-Arrow provides the action direction together with the relevant situational information. This study also investigated the relationship between drivers initial trust in the TOR displays and take-over and visual scanning behavior. The results indicated that providing a combination of machine-made decision and situational information, such as Mini-map-and-Arrow, yielded the best results overall in the take-over scenario. Also, drivers initial trust in the TOR displays was found to have significant associations with the take-over and visual behavior of drivers. The higher trust group primarily relied on the proposed TOR displays, while the lower trust group tended to more check the situational information through the traditional displays, such as side-view or rear-view mirrors.
In Study 4, the effect of interactive HUD imagery location on driving and secondary task performance, driver distraction, preference, and workload associated with use of scrolling list while driving were investigated. A total of nine HUD imagery locations of full-windshield were examined through a driving simulator study. The results indicated the HUD imagery location affected all the dependent measures, that is, driving and task performance, drivers visual distraction, preference and workload. Considering both objective and subjective evaluations, interactive HUDs should be placed near the driver's line of sight, especially near the left-bottom on the windshield.์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ ์ฐจ๋ด ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ค ํ๋๋ก ์ด์ ์์๊ฒ ํ์ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ์ด์ ์๊ฐ ์ด์ ์ ํ๋ ๋์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์์ค๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด์ ์์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์ฐ์ ์ค์ด๊ณ , ์์ ์ ํฅ์์ํค๋๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์์คํ
์ ์ฝ 30๋
์ ์ด์ ์์ ์์ ์ ํฅ์์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋จ์ผ๋ก ์๋์ฐจ ์ฐ์
์ ์ฒ์ ๋์
๋ ์ด๋๋ก ํ์ฌ๊น์ง ๋ค์ํ ์์ฉ์ฐจ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ ๊ณผ ํธ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ ์ ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์์๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ด์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ์ ์ฉํ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ค๊ณํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ณ , ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฉํ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ค๊ณ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ ์ด 4๊ฐ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ์๋ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์๊ตฌ ์ฌํญ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์, ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์์คํ
์ ํตํด ์ด๋ค ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๋ต์ ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋์ฐจ ์ ์กฐ์
์ฒด๋ค์ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ ํ๋ค๊ณผ, ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ค์ ์ ์ํ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด์ ์์ ์ ๋ณด ์๊ตฌ ์ฌํญ๋ค์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ฌธํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ํตํด ํฌ๊ด์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์๊ตฌ ์ฌํญ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์, ์ฐ๊ตฌ์, ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ํตํฉ๋ ์ง์์ ์ ๋ฌํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์๊ตฌ ์ฌํญ์ ๋ํ ํฅํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ์ค๊ณ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์์คํ
์ ํตํด ์์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ ๊ณตํ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ๋ต์ ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ค์ ์๋์ฐจ๋ค์ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์์คํ
์์๋ ์ด๋ค ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ปจ์
๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋์ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๊ณ์์ ์ ์๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ปจ์
๋ค์๋ ์ด๋ค ๊ฒ๋ค์ด ์๋์ง ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋ฌธํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ํตํด ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ๊ฒํ ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋์๊ณ , ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ณตํ์ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ค๊ณ ์์น๊ณผ ์คํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ํจ๊ป ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ๊ฒํ ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ์ค๊ณ์ ๋ํ ํฅํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ด๊ถ ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ์ค๊ณ์ ํ๊ฐ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ ์ด๊ถ ์ ํ์ด๋, ์์จ์ฃผํ ์ํ์์ ์ด์ ์๊ฐ ์ง์ ์ด์ ์ ํ๋ ์๋ ์ด์ ์ํ๋ก ์ ํ์ด ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ์์ค๋ฐ ์ ์ด๊ถ ์ ํ ์์ฒญ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ด์ ์๊ฐ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์ฒํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ํฉ ํ์
๊ณผ ์์ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค ์ค๊ณ์ ๋ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌํ ํ์์ฑ์ด ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์๋์ฐจ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ์ด 4๊ฐ์ ์ ์ด๊ถ ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด(๊ธฐ์ค ๋์คํ๋ ์ด, ๋ฏธ๋๋งต ๋์คํ๋ ์ด, ํ์ดํ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด, ๋ฏธ๋๋งต๊ณผ ํ์ดํ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด)๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๊ณ , ์ ์๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ๋์๋ค์ ์ฃผํ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ดํฐ ์คํ์ ํตํด ์ ์ด๊ถ ์ ํ ์ํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์๊ตฌ์ ์์ง์ ํจํด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ์ฃผ๊ด์ ํ๊ฐ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ ํ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ์๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ๋์๋ค์ ๋ํด ์ด์ ์๋ค์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์ ์๋ค์ ํ๊ท ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ด๊ถ ์ ํ ์ํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์๊ตฌ์ ์์ง์ ํจํด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฃผ๊ด์ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๋์ง ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ ์ด๊ถ ์ ํ ์ํฉ์์ ์๋ํ๋ ์์คํ
์ด ์ ์ํ๋ ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ทธ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ํฉ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํจ๊ป ์ ์ํด ์ฃผ๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ข์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฐ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ด์ ์์ ์ด๊ธฐ ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์ค์ ์ฌ์ฉ ํํ์ ๋ฐ์ ํ ๊ด๋ จ์ด ์์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ ๋ขฐ๋ ์ ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ๋ขฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ๋ฎ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋์๊ณ , ์ ๋ขฐ๋๊ฐ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ์ ์๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ค์ด ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ด ์์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฉด, ์ ๋ขฐ๋๊ฐ ๋ฎ์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋ฃธ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ์ด๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ํฉ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ ํ์ธ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
๋ค ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ ๋ฉด ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์์์ ์ธํฐ๋ํฐ๋ธ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์ต์ ์์น๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก์ ์ฃผํ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ดํฐ ์คํ์ ํตํด ๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์์น์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด์ ์์ ์ฃผํ ์ํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ์ธํฐ๋ํฐ๋ธ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์กฐ์ ๊ด๋ จ ๊ณผ์
์ํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ์๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์ฐ, ์ ํธ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์
๋ถํ๊ฐ ํ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์์น๋ ์ ๋ฉด ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์์ ์ผ์ ํ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋ก ์ด 9๊ฐ์ ์์น๊ฐ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ํ์ฉ๋ ์ธํฐ๋ํฐ๋ธ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ ์์
์ ํ์ ์ํ ์คํฌ๋กค ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋จ์ผ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด์๊ณ , ์ด์ ๋์ ์ฅ์ฐฉ๋ ๋ฒํผ์ ํตํด ๋์คํ๋ ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ํ์๋ค. ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธํฐ๋ํฐ๋ธ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์์น๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์ฒ๋, ์ฆ ์ฃผํ ์ํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์กฐ์ ๊ณผ์
์ํ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ์๊ฐ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ถ์ฐ, ์ ํธ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์
๋ถํ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์นจ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ชจ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์งํ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ ๋, ์ธํฐ๋ํฐ๋ธ ํค๋์
๋์คํ๋ ์ด์ ์์น๋ ์ด์ ์๊ฐ ๋๋ฐ๋ก ์ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณผ ๋์ ์์ผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ, ์ฆ ์ ๋ฉด ์ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์์์ ์ผ์ชฝ ์๋ ๋ถ๊ทผ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ต์ ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.Abstract i
Contents v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Objectives and Questions 8
1.3 Structure of the Thesis 11
Chapter 2 Functional Requirements of Automotive Head-Up Displays: A Systematic Review of Literature from 1994 to Present 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Method 15
2.3 Results 17
2.3.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 17
2.3.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 28
2.3.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 35
2.4 Discussion 39
2.4.1 Information Types Displayed by Existing Commercial Automotive HUD Systems 39
2.4.2 Information Types Previously Suggested for Automotive HUDs by Research Studies 44
2.4.3 Information Types Required by Drivers (users) for Automotive HUDs and Their Relative Importance 48
Chapter 3 A Literature Review on Interface Design of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Communicating Safety-Related Information 50
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Method 52
3.3 Results 55
3.3.1 Commercial Automotive HUDs Presenting Safety-Related Information 55
3.3.2 Safety-Related HUDs Proposed by Academic Research 58
3.4 Discussion 74
Chapter 4 Development and Evaluation of Automotive Head-Up Displays for Take-Over Requests (TORs) in Highly Automated Vehicles 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Method 82
4.2.1 Participants 82
4.2.2 Apparatus 82
4.2.3 Automotive HUD-based TOR Displays 83
4.2.4 Driving Scenario 86
4.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 87
4.2.6 Experiment Variables 88
4.2.7 Statistical Analyses 91
4.3 Results 93
4.3.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 93
4.3.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 102
4.3.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 104
4.4 Discussion 113
4.4.1 Comparison of the Proposed TOR Displays 113
4.4.2 Characteristics of Drivers Initial Trust in the four TOR Displays 116
4.4.3 Relationship between Drivers Initial Trust and Take-over and Visual Behavior 117
4.5 Conclusion 119
Chapter 5 Human Factors Evaluation of Display Locations of an Interactive Scrolling List in a Full-windshield Automotive Head-Up Display System 121
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Method 122
5.2.1 Participants 122
5.2.2 Apparatus 123
5.2.3 Experimental Tasks and Driving Scenario 123
5.2.4 Experiment Variables 124
5.2.5 Experimental Design and Procedure 126
5.2.6 Statistical Analyses 126
5.3 Results 127
5.4 Discussion 133
5.5 Conclusion 135
Chapter 6 Conclusion 137
6.1 Summary and Implications 137
6.2 Future Research Directions 139
Bibliography 143
Apeendix A. Display Layouts of Some Commercial HUD Systems
Appendix B. Safety-related Displays Provided by the Existing Commercial HUD Systems
Appendix C. Safety-related HUD displays Proposed by Academic Research
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 187Docto
A Review and Analysis of Eye-Gaze Estimation Systems, Algorithms and Performance Evaluation Methods in Consumer Platforms
In this paper a review is presented of the research on eye gaze estimation
techniques and applications, that has progressed in diverse ways over the past
two decades. Several generic eye gaze use-cases are identified: desktop, TV,
head-mounted, automotive and handheld devices. Analysis of the literature leads
to the identification of several platform specific factors that influence gaze
tracking accuracy. A key outcome from this review is the realization of a need
to develop standardized methodologies for performance evaluation of gaze
tracking systems and achieve consistency in their specification and comparative
evaluation. To address this need, the concept of a methodological framework for
practical evaluation of different gaze tracking systems is proposed.Comment: 25 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in IEEE Access in July
201
Quality and field of vision - a review of the needs of drivers and riders: final report.
Quality and field of vision - a review of the needs of drivers and riders: final report
Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 171
This bibliography lists 186 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in August 1977
The development of improvements to drivers' direct and indirect vision from vehicles - phase 1
This research project concerning "The development of improvements to drivers'
direct and indirect vision from vehicles" has been designed to be conducted in
two phases:
. Phase 1 whose aim is to scope the existing knowledge base in order to
prioritise and direct activities within Phase 2;
. Phase 2 whose aim is to investigate specific driver vision problems
prioritised in Phase 1 and determine solutions to them.
This report details the activities, findings and conclusions resulting from the
Phase 1 tasks undertaken
The โfrontal lobeโ project: A double-blind, randomized controlled study of the effectiveness of higher level driving skills training to improve frontal lobe (executive) function related driving performance in young drivers
The current study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effectiveness of higher level skills training on safe driving behaviour of 36 teenage drivers. The participants, who attended the Driver Training Research camp in Taupo (NZ) over a two week period, were 16 to 17 years old and had a valid restricted driver licence. The study focused on four main aims. Firstly, the behavioural characteristics of the sample and their attitudes to risk taking and driving were examined. Results showed that speeding was the most anticipated driving violation, and high levels of confidence were associated with a higher number of crashes and a greater propensity for risk taking. Many, often male participants, also rated their driving skills as superior to others and thought they would be less likely than others to be involved in an accident. Secondly, the relationship between driving performance and executive functioning, general ability and sustained attention was evaluated. Overall, better driving performance and more accurate self-evaluation of driving performance was related to higher levels of executive functions, in particular, working memory, and
cognitive switching. In addition, higher general ability and greater ability to sustain attention were also linked to better performance on the driving related assessments. The third focus of this study was to compare the effects of both, higher level and vehicle handling skills training on driving performance, confidence levels and
attitudes to risk. While both types of training improved direction control, speed
choice and visual search, along with number of hazards detected and actions in relation to hazards, statistically significant improvement on visual search was seen only after higher level skills training. Vehicle handling skills training significantly improved direction control and speed choice. In addition, confidence levels in their driving skills were significantly lowered and attitudes to speeding, overtaking and
close following had improved significantly in the participants after the higher level
driving skills training. The final aspect to this study was to examine the effects of the
training over the following 6 month period based on self-reported driving behaviour.
The response rate of participants however, was not sufficient to reach any meaningful conclusion on any long-term training effects. A pilot study using GPSbased data trackers to assess post-training driving behaviour revealed some promising results for future driver training evaluation studies. The overall implications of the results are discussed in relation to improving the safety of young
drivers in New Zealand
Spectrum, 2016
Literary journalhttps://nwcommons.nwciowa.edu/spectrum/1043/thumbnail.jp