Bistatic Scattering due to Hydrometeors on Cochannel Intersystem Communication Links over a Subtropical Path

The performance of fixed satellite systems in the shared frequency band depends on the tolerance level of interference between them. Interference disturbs the functionality of the ground station and causes signal degradation. The knowledge of interference level must therefore be known for an optimal satellite design. In this work, we evaluate interference due to hydrometeors for a situation in which a satellite downlink signal is affected by the signal from a terrestrial microwave network operating at the same frequency as the satellite system in a subtropical station: Durban, South Africa. The evaluation of the transmission loss is based on the modified 3D bistatic radar equation and the exponential rain cell model for the scattering. The results of intersystem interference for different station separation over frequencies variation, terrestrial antenna gains, and exceedance probabilities are presented. The effect of the additional rain attenuation (Aw) on the satellite signals is also examined. The results point out to some remarkable attenuation differences between the effective transmission loss and the transmission loss statistics for small time unavailability at the frequencies considered in this work. This could be detrimental in link budget design if overlooked

Electromagnetic model subdivision and iterative solvers for surface and volume double higher order numerical methods and applications

2019 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.Higher order methods have been established in the numerical analysis of electromagnetic structures decreasing the number of unknowns compared to the low order discretization. In order to decrease memory requirements even further, model subdivision in the computational analysis of electrically large structures has been used. The technique is based on clustering elements and solving/approximating subsystems separately, and it is often implemented in conjunction with iterative solvers. This thesis addresses unique theoretical and implementation details specific to model subdivision of the structures discretized by the Double Higher Order (DHO) elements analyzed by i) Finite Element Method - Mode Matching (FEM-MM) technique for closed-region (waveguide) structures and ii) Surface Integral Equation Method of Moments (SIE-MoM) in combination with (Multi-Level) Fast Multipole Method for open-region bodies. Besides standard application in decreasing the model size, DHO FEM-MM is applied to modeling communication system in tunnels by means of Standard Impedance Boundary Condition (SIBC), and excellent agreement is achieved with measurements performed in Massif Central tunnel. To increase accuracy of the SIE-MoM computation, novel method for numerical evaluation of the 2-D surface integrals in MoM matrix entries has been improved to achieve better accuracy than traditional method. To demonstrate its efficiency and practicality, SIE-MoM technique is applied to analysis of the rain event containing significant percentage of the oscillating drops recorded by 2D video disdrometer. An excellent agreement with previously-obtained radar measurements has been established providing the benefits of accurately modeling precipitation particles

Precipitation Measurements From Space: Workshop report. An element of the climate observing system study

Global climate, agricultural uses for precipitation information, hydrological uses for precipitation, severe thunderstorms and local weather, global weather are addressed. Ground truth measurement, visible and infrared techniques, microwave radiometry and hybrid precipitation measurements, and spaceborne radar are discussed

Proceedings of the Twelfth NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX 12)

The NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting was convened on June 9 and 10, 1988. Pilot Field Experiments propagation studies, mobile communication systems, signal fading, communication satellites rain gauge network measurements, atmospheric attenuation studies, optical communication through the atmosphere, and digital beacon receivers were among the topics discussed

Broadband electromagnetic analysis of dispersive, periodic structures for radiometer calibration

This thesis primarily focusses on the full wave electromagnetic analysis of radiometer calibration targets using doubly dispersive 3D Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) formulation. The boundary conditions are set up to solve for doubly periodic structures. The thesis contains very detailed derivation and equations regarding this formulation. One of the novelty in this formulation is the handling of magnetically and electrically dispersive media (usually it is just the electrical dispersion which is incorporated). Using a custom developed code which can be run on a distributed computing system, the reflectivity spectrum of calibration targets of different geometries, coating thicknesses and aspect ratios are analyzed. The results are well validated using commercial simulation software and custom Geometric Optics (GO) code. The geometries analyzed include square pyramids, conical pyramids, truncated square pyramids and truncated conical pyramids with spherical top. The coating thicknesses used are 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. The aspect ratios (ratio of base to height) used include 1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 4. The nominal target structure has 1 : 4 aspect ratio and 2 mm coating thickness. The material used for simulation is ECCOSORB MF112. The material properties of other materials such as MF110 and MF114 are listed. It should be remarked that measured material properties are available only in the frequency range [8, 26] GHz and a Debye series extrapolation was used for simulation at frequencies outside this range. Throughout this work 0.5′′ base was used. Some significant conclusions include the following: 1) 1:4 aspect ratio or better is required to achieve a -50 dB reflectivity or lower 2) Low frequency reflectivity is independent of the target geometry. 3) At high frequencies, the conical target results in better performance when compared to square pyramids (by about 10 dB). 4) The reflectivity spectrum exhibits a general trend of high reflectivity at low frequencies followed by decreasing reflectivity as frequency is increased. There is a reflectivity jump at frequencies where non-specular Floquet modes start propagating. This is followed by nearly sinusoidal oscillations at high frequencies. 5) Asymptotic techniques can be used at high frequencies instead of full wave analysis. The plane wave reflectivity estimated using full wave analysis is an approximate method to calculate brightness temperature as measured by antenna during radiometer calibration. It assumes two conditions: 1) The calibration targets have a uniform temperature profile. 2) Antenna is in the far field. These two conditions are never met in practice. In order to estimate the near field thermal emission, Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (FDT) must be used. Dyadic Green Function (DGF) along with FDT can be used to calculate the thermal emission from simple geometries. Analytical formulations to this end is given in this thesis. The rest of the thesis (∼ 50%) contains work related to numerical methods applied to radiative transfer and computational electromagnetics. In the first part, a novel method to calculate the absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, backscattering coefficient and phase asymmetry parameter of a polydispersed distribution of liquid water and ice hydrometeors is presented. The conventional method of calculating these coefficients can be time consuming, because of the Mie series summation to calculate Mie coefficients and the numerical quadrature over a distribution of spheres to calculate the requried coefficients. By using spline interpolation on a precomputed look up table, the calculation procedure can be accelerated. The second part deals with time domain analysis of dispersive, periodic structures for oblique plane wave incidence. This is a difficult problem with only one work available in literature till now. The proposed method uses Laguerre Marching-In-On-Degree (MoD) where time dependant quantities are expressed as an expansion of Laguerre basis functions. Using several properties of Laguerre basis functions, the time dependant problem is converted to a time independent problem in Laguerre basis coefficients. This in turn is solved using the familiar finite difference format. The novel method was validated with analytical results for incident angles as large as 75o

Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, volume 20

Various topics related to investigations of the middle atmosphere are discussed. Numerical weather prediction, performance characteristics of weather profiling radars, determination of gravity wave and turbulence parameters, case studies of gravity-wave propagation, turbulence and diffusion due to gravity waves, the climatology of gravity waves, mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere radar, antenna arrays, and data management techniques are among the topics discussed

Rapid hydrometeor bistatic scatter calculations using non-orthogonal function expansion of reflectivity profiles

A non-orthogonal Gaussian function expansion of vertical reflectivity profiles is proposed. In conjunction with a generalization of a previously published formula this allows bistatic radar cross-sections to be calculated rapidly for hydrometeor scatter problems involving arbitrary reflectivity profiles. In particular, it allows scattering from melting band and ice regions to be included in the cross-section calculatio

Abstracts on Radio Direction Finding (1899 - 1995)

The files on this record represent the various databases that originally composed the CD-ROM issue of "Abstracts on Radio Direction Finding" database, which is now part of the Dudley Knox Library's Abstracts and Selected Full Text Documents on Radio Direction Finding (1899 - 1995) Collection. (See Calhoun record https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/57364 for further information on this collection and the bibliography). Due to issues of technological obsolescence preventing current and future audiences from accessing the bibliography, DKL exported and converted into the three files on this record the various databases contained in the CD-ROM. The contents of these files are: 1) RDFA_CompleteBibliography_xls.zip [RDFA_CompleteBibliography.xls: Metadata for the complete bibliography, in Excel 97-2003 Workbook format; RDFA_Glossary.xls: Glossary of terms, in Excel 97-2003 Workbookformat; RDFA_Biographies.xls: Biographies of leading figures, in Excel 97-2003 Workbook format]; 2) RDFA_CompleteBibliography_csv.zip [RDFA_CompleteBibliography.TXT: Metadata for the complete bibliography, in CSV format; RDFA_Glossary.TXT: Glossary of terms, in CSV format; RDFA_Biographies.TXT: Biographies of leading figures, in CSV format]; 3) RDFA_CompleteBibliography.pdf: A human readable display of the bibliographic data, as a means of double-checking any possible deviations due to conversion

Proceedings of the Fifteenth NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX 15) and the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Miniworkshop

The NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX), supported by the NASA Propagation Program, is convened annually to discuss studies made on radio wave propagation by investigators from domestic and international organizations. The meeting was organized into three technical sessions. The first session was dedicated to Olympus and ACTS studies and experiments, the second session was focused on the propagation studies and measurements, and the third session covered computer-based propagation model development. In total, sixteen technical papers and some informal contributions were presented. Following NAPEX 15, the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) miniworkshop was held on 29 Jun. 1991, to review ACTS propagation activities, with emphasis on ACTS hardware development and experiment planning. Five papers were presented

COBE's search for structure in the Big Bang

The launch of Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the definition of Earth Observing System (EOS) are two of the major events at NASA-Goddard. The three experiments contained in COBE (Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR), Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS), and Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE)) are very important in measuring the big bang. DMR measures the isotropy of the cosmic background (direction of the radiation). FIRAS looks at the spectrum over the whole sky, searching for deviations, and DIRBE operates in the infrared part of the spectrum gathering evidence of the earliest galaxy formation. By special techniques, the radiation coming from the solar system will be distinguished from that of extragalactic origin. Unique graphics will be used to represent the temperature of the emitting material. A cosmic event will be modeled of such importance that it will affect cosmological theory for generations to come. EOS will monitor changes in the Earth's geophysics during a whole solar color cycle