Considerations for the Use of Remote Gaze Tracking to Assess Behavior in Flight Simulators

Complex user interfaces (such as those found in an aircraft cockpit) may be designed from first principles, but inevitably must be evaluated with real users. User gaze data can provide valuable information that can help to interpret other actions that change the state of the system. However, care must be taken to ensure that any conclusions drawn from gaze data are well supported. Through a combination of empirical and simulated data, we identify several considerations and potential pitfalls when measuring gaze behavior in high-fidelity simulators. We show that physical layout, behavioral differences, and noise levels can all substantially alter the quality of fit for algorithms that segment gaze measurements into individual fixations. We provide guidelines to help investigators ensure that conclusions drawn from gaze tracking data are not artifactual consequences of data quality or analysis techniques

ZASTOSOWANIA ANALIZY RUCHU OCZU W DIAGNOSTYCE CHORÓB NEURODEGENERACYJNYCH

Eye-tracking allows for non-invasive examination and the same eyetrackers are becoming more available, thus its popularity in medical diagnosis and other fields of application is increasing. The paper presents the possibilities for using eye-tracking in the diagnosis neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson or Alzheimer diseases. The autor describes the exetracking experiment, the model of fixations and saccedes detection, as well as the selected examples of eye-tracking research conducted among patients with neurodegenerative diseases.Badania okulograficzne są nieinwazyjne, a sprzęt okulograficzny coraz bardziej dostępny, dlatego też rośnie jego popularność w diagnostyce medycznej oraz innych obszarach zastosowań. Artykuł prezentuje możliwości dotyczący zastosowania badań okulograficznych w diagnostyce chorób neurodegeneracyjnych takich jak Parkinson, czy Alzheimer. Autorka koncentruje się na przestawieniu charakterystyki badania okulograficznego, modelu detekcji podstawowych zdarzeń takich jak fiksacje i sakkady, a także na przykładach badań zaburzeń okoruchowych w wybranych chorobach neurodegeneracyjnych

An eye movement analysis of perceived outdoor advertising clutter

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 산업공학과, 2012. 8. 윤명환.본 연구는 옥외 광고물에 사용된 글자를 인지하고 처리하는 과정을 분석하는 것에 있어 실제 사용자가 경험하게 되는 가로 환경에서 촬영한 사진을 실험 자극으로 사용하고, 시선 추적 기법을 통하여 옥외광고물 개선사업 전•후 사용자가 인지하는 혼잡도를 분석하였다. 옥외광고물 개선사업이 시각 탐색 과업에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 피험자의 눈의 움직임의 특성의 차이를 통하여 비교하였다. 시선추적기법을 통한 옥외광고물 개선사업 전•후 실제 사진에 대한 탐색 과업 성능을 비교하는 본 연구의 실험 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 개선사업 후 과업에 소요된 시간(Rt)은 짧아졌다. 개선사업 후 응시 횟수(Fc)는 감소하였다. 응시 횟수는 사용자가 탐색해야 하는 자극물의 개수와 관련 있다. 적은 응시 횟수로 탐색 과업을 수행한 결과는 개선 사업 후의 탐색에 걸린 시간은 줄어들고 탐색 효율은 증가했음을 나타낸다. 탐색과업에서 과업에 소요된 시간은 목표물을 찾는 시간과 옥외 광고물의 글자를 읽고 정보를 처리하는 시간으로 구성된다. 개선사업 후 응시 지속시간(Fd)은 증가하였다. 이는 탐색 시간은 짧아지고 광고물의 텍스트 정보처리에 더 많은 시간을 할애하였다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 개선 사업후의 정보전달 효과성이 향상되었음을 알 수 있다. 개선사업 이후 시각 탐색 과업에서 주사경로의 길이(SpL)는 짧아 졌으며, 주사경로의 평균 값인 도약 진폭(Sa)역시 짧아졌다. 따라서 옥외광고물 개선사업 이후의 탐색 과업이 더욱 효율적으로 수행되었음을 알 수 있다. 옥외 광고물 개선 사업 후 가로의 입면에서 탐색 과업의 성능은 향상되었으며 사용자가 지각하는 혼잡도는 줄어들었다.Objective: In the present study, a comparative analysis of perceived outdoor advertisement clutter and visual search performance before and after street improvement projects was investigated Background: To determined the perceived clutter I examined the edge density (Oliva et al, 2004) and the search efficiency as a measure of subjective visual complexity of scenes that were the execution of the improvement project for the outdoor signboard in Seoul, as well as the difference of eye movement pattern. Features of their scanpath with respect to various saccade and fixation parameters were examined to determine whether they behaved with eye movement strategies. Method: 30 Viewers looked at images of outdoor advertisement as their eye movements were recorded using an infra-red recording technique (Tobii x60) during performance of visual search task. The edge density was measured to be determined for complexity of signboard and precisely quantitatively specified. Results: The Longer latencies for previous scenes resulted from a greater fixation count and longer scanpath length needed to locate a target. The results indicate quite clearly that perceived visual clutter correlates with search performance in scenes as assessed both by response time and by eye movement metrics. Conclusion: Eye movements helped corroborate increased visual search efficiency of the new outdoor signboards under visual search tasks. The signboards before the street improvement projects produced more fixations with longer scanpath length, which meant more difficult searching. The longer reaction time indicates less efficient scanning behavior. Fewer, yet longer, fixations were made with the task of after street improvement projects. Shorter scanpaths indicate that the given signboard names were easy to find.제 1 장 서 론 1 1.1 연구 배경 1 1.1.1 옥외광고물 경관 규제 제도와 실태 1 1.1.2 수용자 중심의 광고 효과성 측정 5 1.2 연구 목적 7 1.3 논문의 구성 9 제 2 장 이론적 배경 및 선행연구 고찰 11 2.1 옥외광고물 규제와 관련 이론 11 2.1.1 옥외광고물의 정의 및 개념 11 2.1.2 옥외광고물의 특성 12 2.1.3 옥외광고물의 문제점 13 2.1.4 옥외광고물 개선사업의 한계 18 2.2 시각적 주의(attention)와 관련 이론 21 2.2.1 옥외광고물의 시각적 요소 21 2.2.2 시각적 주의와 광고 효과성 측정 26 2.3.3 선택적 주의 집중과 광고 회피 28 2.3 혼잡(clutter)현상과 관련 이론 30 2.3.1 광고 혼잡(clutter)과 혼잡 지각(perceived clutter) 30 2.3.2 혼잡도 측정에 관련한 선행연구 (Method of evaluating clutter) 32 2.3.3 혼잡도와 탐색 효율 (Search Efficiency) 34 2.4 눈의 움직임에 대한 연구 36 2.4.1 눈의 움직임 37 2.4.2 눈의 움직임에 대한 선행 연구 41 2.4.3 눈의 움직임과 시각 탐색 42 2.4.4 눈의 움직임 측정 척도 (Eye-movement metrics) 46 제 3 장 연구 방법과 범위 56 3.1 연구 문제 및 가설 설정 56 3.1.1 연구문제의 설정 56 3.1.2 연구 가설 설정 (research hypothesis) 57 3.2 변인의 조작적 정의와 특성(operation of variables) 59 3.2.1 독립 변수 60 3.2.2 종속 변수 63 3.3 실험 절차 및 분석방법 67 3.3.1 피험자 선정 및 실험 개요(participants) 67 3.3.2 실험 장비 및 분석도구 (eye tracking apparatus) 68 3.3.3 실험 순서(task procedure) 70 3.3.4 실험 분석 방법 72 제 4 장 분석 결과 및 논의 74 4.1 가설 검증 74 4.2 옥외 광고물 개선사업 전•후 비교 분석 78 4.2.1 탐색 효율성(Search efficiency) 78 4.2.2 지각 혼잡도(Perceived clutter) 80 제 5 장 결 론 86 5.1 연구결과 요약 86 5.2 연구의 의미 87 5.3 연구의 한계와 향후 연구방향 제시 88참고문헌90Abstract98Maste

An informatics system for exploring eye movements in reading

Eye tracking techniques have been widely used in many research areas including cognitive science, psychology, human-computer interaction, marketing research, medical research etc. Many computer programs have emerged to help these researchers to design experiments, present visual stimuli and process the large quantity of numerical data produced by the eye tracker. However, most applications, especially commercial products, are designed for a particular tracking device and tend to be general purpose. Few of them are designed specifically for reading research. This can be inconvenient when dealing with complex experimental design, multi-source data collection, and text based data analysis, including almost every aspect of a reading study lifecycle. A flexible and powerful system that manages the lifecycle of different reading studies is required to fulfill these demands. Therefore, we created an informatics system with two major software suites: Experiment Executor and EyeMap. It is a system designed specifically for reading research. Experiment Executor helps reading researchers build complex experimental environments, which can rapidly present display changes and support the co-registration of eye tracking information with other data collection devices such as EEG (electroencephalography) amplifiers. The EyeMap component helps researchers visualize and analysis a wide range of writing systems including spaced and unspaced scripts, which can be presented in proportional or non-proportional font types. The aim of the system is to accelerate the life cycle of a reading experiment from design through analysis. Several experiments were conducted on this system. These experiments confirmed the effectiveness and the capability of the system with several new reading research findings from the visual information processing stages of reading

Proceedings of the 2011 Joint Workshop of Fraunhofer IOSB and Institute for Anthropomatics, Vision and Fusion Laboratory

This book is a collection of 15 reviewed technical reports summarizing the presentations at the 2011 Joint Workshop of Fraunhofer IOSB and Institute for Anthropomatics, Vision and Fusion Laboratory. The covered topics include image processing, optical signal processing, visual inspection, pattern recognition and classification, human-machine interaction, world and situation modeling, autonomous system localization and mapping, information fusion, and trust propagation in sensor networks

Hitzak sarean. Pello Salabururi esker onez

168 p.Hona hemen, irakurle, Pello Salaburu maisu handiari eskaintzen diogun esker on liburua. Hamaika lan bildu ditugu, hainbat alorretakoak: euskararen lexikografia, terminologia, historia, gramatika, corpus ikerketa eta baita euskara eta gaztelaniaren prozesamenduari buruzkoak ere. Askotarikoa izan baita, zalantza gabe, Salaburuk utzi digun uzta oparoa; hizkuntzalaritzan, euskararen fonologian, gramatikan, lexikografian aitzindari izan dugu, gramatika sortzailearen esparruan lehenik, gero corpus eta hiztegi digitalak sortuaz, gure hizkuntza hobeto ezagutzeko, zaintzeko eta erabiltzeko behar ditugun xxi. mendeko lanabesak eraikiaz eta gizartean zabalduaz. Salabururen uzta ikerketaz eta akademiaz harago zabaltzen da, gure gizarteak ezagutu dituen hainbat erronkatara. Pello ez da inoiz uzkurtu gogoeta egin behar izan denean, bakegintzaren bideari dagokiola edo unibertsitatearen etorkizunari, beldur gabe agertu izan zaigu beti plazan, argi mintzatuaz, zuzen, hitzen kiribiletan sekula bere burua ezkutatu gabe