Data Centric Storage Technologies: Analysis and Enhancement

This paper surveys the most relevant works of Data Centric Storage (DCS) for Wireless Sensor Networks. DCS is a research area that covers data dissemination and storage inside an ad-hoc sensor network. In addition, we present a Quadratic Adaptive Replication (QAR) scheme for DCS, which is a more adaptive multi-replication DCS system and outperforms previous proposals in the literature by reducing the overall network traffic that has a direct impact on energy consumption. Finally, we discuss the open research challenges for DCS

A survey on Bluetooth multi-hop networks

Bluetooth was firstly announced in 1998. Originally designed as cable replacement connecting devices in a point-to-point fashion its high penetration arouses interest in its ad-hoc networking potential. This ad-hoc networking potential of Bluetooth is advertised for years - but until recently no actual products were available and less than a handful of real Bluetooth multi-hop network deployments were reported. The turnaround was triggered by the release of the Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Profile which is unquestionable a great achievement but not well suited for all use cases of multi-hop networks. This paper surveys the tremendous work done on Bluetooth multi-hop networks during the last 20 years. All aspects are discussed with demands for a real world Bluetooth multi-hop operation in mind. Relationships and side effects of different topics for a real world implementation are explained. This unique focus distinguishes this survey from existing ones. Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first survey consolidating the work on Bluetooth multi-hop networks for classic Bluetooth technology as well as for Bluetooth Low Energy. Another individual characteristic of this survey is a synopsis of real world Bluetooth multi-hop network deployment efforts. In fact, there are only four reports of a successful establishment of a Bluetooth multi-hop network with more than 30 nodes and only one of them was integrated in a real world application - namely a photovoltaic power plant. © 2019 The Author

Geographic Adaptive Fidelity and Geographic Energy Aware Routing in Ad Hoc Routing

Location based routing protocols are the kinds of routing protocols, which use of nodes’ location information, instead of links’ information for routing. They are also known as position based routing. In position based routing protocols, it is supposed that the packet source node has position information of itself and its neighbors and packet destination node. In recent years, many location based routing protocols have been developed for ad hoc and sensor networks. In this paper we shall present the concept of location-based routing protocol, its advantages and disadvantages. We shall also look into two popular location-based protocols: Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) and Geographic and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR)

HoPP: Robust and Resilient Publish-Subscribe for an Information-Centric Internet of Things

This paper revisits NDN deployment in the IoT with a special focus on the interaction of sensors and actuators. Such scenarios require high responsiveness and limited control state at the constrained nodes. We argue that the NDN request-response pattern which prevents data push is vital for IoT networks. We contribute HoP-and-Pull (HoPP), a robust publish-subscribe scheme for typical IoT scenarios that targets IoT networks consisting of hundreds of resource constrained devices at intermittent connectivity. Our approach limits the FIB tables to a minimum and naturally supports mobility, temporary network partitioning, data aggregation and near real-time reactivity. We experimentally evaluate the protocol in a real-world deployment using the IoT-Lab testbed with varying numbers of constrained devices, each wirelessly interconnected via IEEE 802.15.4 LowPANs. Implementations are built on CCN-lite with RIOT and support experiments using various single- and multi-hop scenarios

Multi-channel Utilization Algorithms for IEEE 802.15.4 based Wireless Network: A Survey

In the pass years, IEEE 802.15.4 based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have received great attention and have been employed in many areas such as inventory checking, local monitoring and alarming etc. One of the key issues affecting WSN's system performance is interference caused by devices operating with the same or different standards on the overlapping frequency within the 2.4 GHz ISM band. This paper addresses the coexistence problem, which is the key motivation for the necessity of flexible channel usage. A review of existing approaches being proposed to date supporting multi-channel utilization in IEEE 802.15.4 based WSNs is categorized and discussed. The paper also presents major functionalities needed in implementing multi-channel utilization

Mobile Sink Node with Discerning Motility Approach for Energy Efficient Delay Sensitive Data Communication over Wireless Sensor Body Area Networks

The sensors nearby the static sink drains their energy resources rapidly, since they continuously involve to build routes in Wireless sensor networks, which are between data sources and static sink. Hence, the sensors nearby the sink having limited lifespan, which axing the network lifetime.The mobile-sink strategy that allows the sink to move around the network area to distribute the transmission overhead to multiple sensor nodes. However, the mobile-sink strategy is often tall ordered practice due to the continuous need of establishing routes between source nodes and the mobile sink (MS) at new position occurred due to its random mobility. In regard to above stated argument, this manuscript proposed a novel energy data transmission strategy which is effective for WSN with mobile sink. Unlike the traditional contributions, which relies on mobile sink with random mobility strategies, the proposal defines a discerning path for mobile sink routing between sectioned clusters of the WSN. The proposal of the manuscript titled “Mobile Sink Node with Discerning Motility Approach (MSDMA) for Energy Efficient Data Communication over WBAN”. The method defined in proposed model sections the target network in to multiple geographical clusters and prioritize these clusters by the delay sensitivity of the data transmitted by the sensor nodes of the corresponding clusters. Further, discriminating these clusters by their delay sensitive priority to define mobile sink route. For estimation of the delay sensitive priority of the clusters, set of metrics are proposed. The experimental study carried on simulation to assess the significance of the suggested method. The performance improvement of the suggested method is ascended through comparative analysis performed against benchmark model under divergent metrics

STARR-DCS: Spatio-temporal adaptation of random replication for data-centric storage

This article presents a novel framework for data-centric storage (DCS) in a wireless sensor and actor network (WSAN) that employs a randomly selected set of data replication nodes, which also change over time. This enables reductions in the average network traffic and energy consumption by adapting the number of replicas to applications' traffic, while balancing energy burdens by varying their locations. To that end, we propose and validate a simple model to determine the optimal number of replicas, in terms of minimizing average traffic/energy consumption, based on measurements of applications' production and consumption traffic. Simple mechanisms are proposed to decide when the current set of replication nodes should be changed, to enable new applications and nodes to efficiently bootstrap into a working WSAN, to recover from failing nodes, and to adapt to changing conditions. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our approach can extend a WSAN's lifetime by at least 60%, and up to a factor of 10× depending on the lifetime criterion being considered. The feasibility of the proposed framework has been validated in a prototype with 20 resource-constrained motes, and the results obtained via simulation for large WSANs have been also corroborated in that prototype.The research leading to these results has been partially funded by the Spanish MEC under the CRAMNET project (TEC2012-38362-C03-01) and the FIERRO project (TEC 2010- 12250-E), and by the General Directorate of Universities and Research of the Regional Government of Madrid under the MEDIANET Project (S2009/TIC-1468). G. de Veciana was supported by the National Science Foundation under Award CNS-0915928Publicad

Design, analysis and implementation of a spatial-temporal, adaptive and multi-replication data centric storage framework for wireless sensor and actor networks

This PhD Thesis presents a novel framework for Data-Centric Storage(DCS) in a Wireless Sensor and Actor Network(WSAN) that enables the use of a multiple set of data replication nodes, which also change over the time. This allows reducing the average network traffic and energy consumption by adapting the number of replicas to applications’ traffic, while balancing energy burdens by varying their location. To that end we propose and validate a simple model to determine the optimal number of replicas, in terms of minimizing average traffic/energy consumption, from the measured applications’ production and consumption traffic. Simple mechanisms are proposed to decide when the current set of replication nodes should be changed, to enable new applications and sensor nodes to efficiently bootstrap into a working sensor network, to recover from failing nodes, and to adapt to changing conditions. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our approach can extend a sensor network’s lifetime by at least a 60%, and up to a factor of 10x depending on the lifetime criterion being considered. Furthermore, we have implemented our framework in a real testbed with 20 motes that validates in a small scenario those results obtained via simulation for large WSANs. Finally, we present a heuristic that adapts our framework to scenarios with spatially heterogeneous consumption and/or production traffic distributions providing an effective reduction in the overall traffic, as well as reducing the number of nodes that die over the time. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Esta Tesis se enmarca en el campo de la redes de sensores y actuadores inalámbricas. Para este tipo de redes existe un sistema de almacenamiento y entrega de información totalmente distribuido denominado Data-Centric Storage (DCS). En dicho sistema se selecciona un nodo en la red para almacenar toda la información relativa a una aplicación o tipo de evento. Dicha elección se realiza mediante el uso de una función de hash que, usando como argumento el propio nombre de la aplicación (o tipo de evento), devuelve el identificador (e.g. coordenadas geográficas, identificador de nodo, etc) del nodo responsable de almacenar toda la información que deesa aplicación (o tipo de evento). El uso de un único nodo para almacenar todos los datos de un mismo tipo generados en la red tiende a generar un punto de saturación en la red (especialmente en términos energéticos) ya que una gran cantidad de tráfico es encaminada hacia un único punto. De hecho, no sólo el nodo seleccionado como nodo de almacenamiento, sino también todos aquellos que le rodean, experimentan un mayor gasto de recursos ya que son los encargados de rutar los mensajes hacia el nodo de almacenamiento. Este problema ha dado lugar a sistemas que utilizan multiples réplicas para aliviar la generacióon de un punto de congestión y elevado consumo energético en la red. Situando varios puntos de almacenamiento para un tipo de evento dado, es posible aliviar la congestión de un único punto. Sin embargo la generación de nuevas réplicas tiene un coste asociado, y por tanto existe un número de réplicas óptimo que minimiza el tráfico total en la red, que a su vez tiene un impacto directo en la reducción del consumo energético y la extensión del tiempo de vida de la red. En esta Tesis se proponen dos esquemas de replicación para redes de sensores que usan DCS como sistema de almacenamiento distribuido. Para ambos casos se han desarrollado modelos matemáticos que permiten conocer el número óptimo de réplicas que deben ser utilizadas (para minimizar el tráfico total en la red) en función de la intensidad de producción y consumo de un tipo de evento. El primer mecanismo, denominado Quadratic Adaptive Replication (QAR), propone el uso de una estructura mallada para la colocación de las réplicas. QAR mejora trabajos previos que ya proponían un esquema de replicación en grid, ya que es más adaptativo a las condiciones de tráfico en la red. El segundo mecanismo simplemente genera localizaciones aleatorias donde situar las replicas. Sorprendentemente, esta Tesis demuestra que es el mejor sistema de replicación, incluso por delante de QAR, ya que es el más adaptativo a las condiciones de tráfico. Además, tiene la gran ventaja de que es extremadamente simple y puede aplicarse en redes irregulares o que utlizan diferentes protocolos de enrutamiento. Los sistemas de replicación alivian el problema del punto único de congestión, pero no lo solucionan completamente, ya que siguen apareciendo puntos de congestión menores, tantos como réplicas sean usadas. Por tanto, la red sigue presentando una gran desigualdad en el consumo energético, ya que aquellos puntos seleccionados como réplicas (y sus vecinos) usan una mayor energía para desarrollar su actividad. Frente a este problema, se propone como solución el cambio de las réplicas a lo largo del tiempo. Esecialmente, se limita el tiempo que un nodo puede permanecer desempeñando el papel de réplica, de tal forma que, una vez pasado ese tiempo, otro nodo tomará esa responsabilidad. Aplicando esta propuesta se consigue un equilibrio en el consumo energético de los nodos de la red, lo que tiene un gran impacto en la extensión del tiempo de vida de la red. En los experimentos realizados, dicha extensión tiene un valor m´ınimo de un 60%, llegándose a extender el tiempo de la vida hasta 10 veces bajo ciertas definiciones de tiempo de vida de la red. La principal contribución de esta Tesis es la presentación de un marco de trabajo adaptativo tanto espacial como temporalmente que, basado en un modelo teórico, indica cuál es el número óptimo de replicas que deben ser usadas en un determinado periodo. En esta Tesis se propone un protocolo completo que cubre todas las funcionalidades para que dicho sistema pueda ser implementado y desplegado en el mundo real. Para demostrar que el sistema propuesto puede ser implementado en ndoos de sensores comerciales, esta Tesis presenta la implementación realizada en 20 motas del fabricante Jennic. Asimismo, se ha empleado un pequeño test de pruebas para confirmar la validez de los modelos matemáticos para la obtención del número óptimo de réplicas, así como para demostrar que el cambio de las réplicas a lo largo del tiempo genera una mejor distribución del consumo energético en la red

A Comprehensive Survey on Routing and Security in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

With the continuous advances in mobile wirelesssensor networks (MWSNs), the research community hasresponded to the challenges and constraints in the design of thesenetworks by proposing efficient routing protocols that focus onparticular performance metrics such as residual energy utilization,mobility, topology, scalability, localization, data collection routing,Quality of Service (QoS), etc. In addition, the introduction ofmobility in WSN has brought new challenges for the routing,stability, security, and reliability of WSNs. Therefore, in thisarticle, we present a comprehensive and meticulous investigationin the routing protocols and security challenges in the theory ofMWSNs which was developed in recent years