PENGELOLAAN INVENTORY DENGAN MEMPERTIMBANGKAN PRODUK SUBSTITUSI PADA STRUKTUR DUAL CHANNEL SUPPLY CHAIN

Perkembangan teknologi internet telah memberikan dampak yang luas pada pada perusahaan, terutama peluang baru dalam mengembangkan bisnisnya. Internet telah memberikan peluang pada perusahaan yang sebelumnya hanyamenggunakan sistem penjualan tradisional dalam memasarkan produknya, memperluas jaringan pasarnya dengan cara memasarkan produknya melalui Internet sebagai sales channel baru. Mekanisme distribusi gabungan antara offline dan online channel inilah yang sering disebut sebagai dual channel supply chain (DCSC). Banyak tantangan yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan ketika menerapkan DCSC ini, salah satunya yaitu bagaimana mengelola persediaan di masing-masing channel. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa pengelolaan persediaan merupakan salah satu faktor penentu keberhasilan perusahaan karena menyangkut performansi utama. Ketika sebuah perusahaan mempertimbangkan adanya substitusi produk, maka pengelolaan persediaannya akan semakin kompleks. Beberapa peneliti telah mengusulkan model persediaan dalam DCSC, begitu pula model persediaan yang mempertimbangkan substitusi produk. Namun penelitian tentang bagaimana mengelola persediaan pada struktur DCSC dengan mempertimbangkan adanya substitusi produk masih belum banyak dilakukan. Untuk itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun model kebijakan persediaan pada struktur DCSC dengan melibatkan pengaruh adanya substitusiproduk. Kriteria optimasi adalah minimasi biaya persediaan masing-masing channel, maupun sistem secara keseluruhan. Model ini kemudian diuji dalam dua kondisi yang berbeda, yaitu pada kasus keputusan persediaan sentralisasi dan desentralisasi. Dari hasil percobaan numerik dapat diketahui bahwa semakin tinggi derajat substitusi akan menurunkan optimal order quantity dan fillrate untuk produk utama namun akan meningkatkan order quantity untuk produk substitusi. Sedangkan semakin tinggi customer acceptance akan menaikkan order quantity produk utama dan produk substitusi serta fillrate produk utama. Secara keseluruhan, total cost sistem pada kasus sentralisasi lebih besar dibandingkan total cost pada kasus desentralisasi

AN INVENTORY CONTROL POLICY WITH TRACKING INFORMATION FOR DUAL-CHANNEL SUPPLY CHAINS

Recently, many products have been sold through retail stores and direct sales via the Internet. For dual-channel supply chains, Chiang and Monahan (2010) and Chiang (2010) have proposed an inventory control policy; however, they assumed one-for-one replenishment and short replenishment lead times. For single-channel supply chains with long and uncertain replenishment lead times, Liu et al. (2009) have introduced tracking information into inventory control. However, they did not consider the cost of tracking information. Therefore, in this paper, a Markov chain model for dual-channel supply chains with long and uncertain replenishment lead times is developed, and an inventory control policy is proposed that considers tracking information and its cost. The performance of the proposed policy is evaluated and compared with two policies, one without tracking information and the other without reduplicated normal replenishment. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed policy

Pricing Policies for a Dual-Channel Retailer with Cross-Channel Returns

Many retailers are adopting a dual-channel retailing strategy (DCRS) in which products are offered through two channels: physical stores and online stores. Due to regulations or competitive measures, such a strategy allows customers who find a purchase unsatisfactory to obtain a full refund through a same-channel return or a cross-channel return. No papers have collectively studied the aforementioned types of customer returns in a dual-channel context. This paper studies optimal pricing policies for a centralized and decentralized dual-channel retailer (DCR) with same- and cross-channel returns. How dual-channel pricing behavior is impacted by customer preference and rates of customer returns is discussed. It is found, through sensitivity analysis, that when a channel with significant customer preference faces a high rate of returns, decentralized channels generate a greater system profit for retailers than coordinated channels that have a unified pricing strategy. A DCR with a Stackelberg scheme has the proclivity to be more profitable when under the leadership of a channel with a high rate of returns and significant customer preference

Product availability in competitive and cooperative dual-channel distribution with stock-out based substitution

This paper investigates the impact of customers' stock-out based substitution on the product availability and the channel efficiency of a dual-channel supply chain, which consists of a supplier distributing a single product to customers through both its wholly owned direct channel and an independent retailer. The supplier and its retailer, with the objective of optimizing their own profit, simultaneously choose their own base-stock level to satisfy the stochastic demand from the customers whose channel preferences are heterogeneous and may be affected by each channel's product availability. The customers dynamically substitute between the two channels in the event of a stock-out. The result shows that the effect of the stock-out based substitution may increase or decrease the efficiency of a decentralized supply chain. It is found that while the integrated supplier-retailer may consolidate the base-stock levels to benefit from stock-out based substitution, the independent supplier and retailer are more inattentive to customers' stock-out based substitution. Thus, the competitive base-stock levels of the decentralized dual-channel supply chain rarely agree with the system optimal levels. Various contracts are examined to shed light on channel coordination mechanisms. In addition, it is shown that the channel efficiency of the dual-channel distribution can be improved by the emergence of Stackelberg leadership from either the supplier or the retailer.Channels of distribution Product availability Electronic/internet commerce Supply chain coordination Inventory game

Optimization of a Dual-Channel Retailing System with Customer Returns

A plethora of retailers have begun to embrace a dual-channel retailing strategy wherein items are provided to consumers through both an online store and a physical store. As a result of standards and competitive measures, many retailers provide buyers who are unhappy with their purchases with the ability to achieve a full refund. In a dualchannel retailing system, full reimbursements can be done through what is called a crosschannel return, when a buyer purchases a product from an online store and returns it to a physical store. They can also be done through what is called a same-channel return, when a buyer purchases a product from a physical store and returns it back to the physical store, or purchases a product from an online store and returns it back to the online store. No existing research has examined all common types of customer returns in the context of a dual-channel retailing system. Be notified that the practice of cross-returning an item purchased from the physical store back to the online store is not common. Thus, it is not considered in this dissertation. We first study the optimal pricing policies for a centralized and decentralized dual-channel retailer (DCR) with same- and cross-channel returns. We consider two factors: the dual-channel retailer’s performance under centralization with unified and differential pricing schemes, and the dual-channel retailer’s performance under decentralization with the Stackelberg and Nash games. How dual-channel pricing behaviour is impacted by customer preference and rates of customer returns is discussed. In this study, a channel’s sales requests is a linear function of a channel’s own pricing strategy and a cross-channel’s pricing strategy. The second problem is an extension of the first problem. The optimal pricing policies and online channel’s responsiveness level for a centralized and decentralized dual-channel retailer with same- and cross-channel returns are studied. Indeed, the online store is normally the distribution centre of the enterprise and is not limited to the customers in its neighbourhood. Also, the online store experiences a much higher return rate compared to the physical store. Thus, it has the capability and the need to optimize its responsiveness to customer returns along with its pricing strategy. A channel’s sales requests, in the second problem, is a linear function of a channel’s own price, a crosschannel’s price, and the online store’s responsiveness level. The third problem studies the dilemma of whether or not to allow unsatisfactory online purchases to be cross-returned to the physical store. If not properly considered, those returns may create havoc to the system and a retailer might overestimate or underestimate a channel’s order quantity. Therefore, we study and compare between four vi different strategies, and propose models to determine optimal order quantities for each strategy when a dual-channel retailer offers both same and cross-channel returns. Several decision making insights on choosing between the different cross-channel return strategies and some properties of the optimal solutions are presented. From the retailer’s perspective of outsourcing the e-channel’s management to a third party logistics and service provider, we finally study three different inventory strategies, namely transaction-based fee, flat-based fee, and gain sharing. For each strategy, we find both channels’ optimal inventory policies and expected profits. The performances of the different strategies are compared and the managerial insights are given using analytical and numerical analysis. Methodologies, insights, comparative analysis, and computational results are delivered in this dissertation for the above aforementioned problems

Effectiveness of Interorganizational (B2B) Selling: The Influence of Collaboration, Initiator, Market Segmentation, Product

Most B2B sales involve personal selling, which is expensive and collaborative. Problem solving and value creation, i.e., collaboration, are contemporary trends in sales and marketing. Little is known about how purchase decisions are made in large-dollar accounts, about what factors make B2B sales processes effective for both buyers and sellers, and about the roles senior managers play in the buying process. The motivation for this exploratory study is rooted in these questions. In addition, few studies have explored senior executive buyers’ perceptions of suppliers. In this dissertation, I use a robust secondary data set based on assessments of 23 suppliers by 889 buyers to examine buyer satisfaction with suppliers. The data set spans 27 supplier industries and 40 product and service categories. I use grounded theory-based qualitative analysis combined with quantitative analyses to assess seller performance. Specifically, I explore how the following elements of interorganizational B2B sales affect buyer outcomes: collaboration, initiator type, customer market segment, and product or service category. I also examine the effect of geography and culture (domestic versus international, and US North versus South) on buyer outcomes. The results show that sales collaboration is a statistically significant indicator of sales performance, and that the impact of collaboration varies by industry and product type

PROCEEDINGS 1st ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEM ENGINEERING

Supply Chain Management dalam Pengelolaan Industri dan Energi Nasional Menuju Industri yang Berdaya Sain

Decision-making experiments on dual sales channel coordination

In this thesis, we conduct an experimental study with human decision makers, on dual sales channel coordination. We aim to determine dual channel strategies for a manufacturer who sells its product thorough both an independent retailer channel and its totally owned direct online channel. The two channels compete on service, where the service level of the retailer channel is measured with its product availability level, and the service level of the direct channel is measured with its delivery lead time. This multi-stage game-theoretical model was previously solved for the wholesale price contract (Chen et al. 2008) and buyback contract (Gökduman and Kaya 2009) cases. We compare these models' theoretical predictions with the outcome of our experiments with human decision makers. In particular, we analyze the theoretical and observed coordination performance of the wholesale price and buyback contracts between the two firms. We identify deviations from theoretical predictions that can be attributed to behavioral factors, such as risk aversion