Automatic Configuration of OPC UA for Industrial Internet of Things Environments

This work has been funded partially by the Software Engineering Department of the University of Granada.We would like to acknowledge the participation of Dzmitry Basalai in this research paper for his helping in the elaboration of the prototype carried out in this workSoftware technologies play an increasingly significant role in industrial environments, especially for the adoption of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In this context, the application of mechanisms for the auto-configuration of industrial systems may be relevant for reducing human errors and costs in terms of time and money, improving the maintenance and the quality control. OPC UA (OLE for Process Control Unified Architecture) systems are usually integrated into an industrial system to provide a standard way for setting a secure and reliable data exchange between industrial devices of multiple vendors and software systems. In this paper, a novel mechanism for the auto-configuration of OPC UA systems is proposed from an initial setup of industrial devices interconnected to a basic Ethernet network. The auto-configuration of the OPC UA is self-managed over the TCP/IP protocol. This mechanism allows automating the configuration process of the OPC UA server automatically from the programmable logic controller (PLC) devices connected to a basic Ethernet network. Once the PLC devices are identified, they exchange information directly with OPC using a Modbus protocol over the same Ethernet network. To test the feasibility of this approach, a case study is prepared and evaluated

Priority-Based Bandwidth Management in Virtualized Software-Defined Networks

In Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) applications, when the network size increases and different types of flows share the bandwidth, the demand for flexible and efficient management of the communication network is compelling. In these scenarios, under varying workload and flow priorities, the combined use of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Virtualization (NV) is a promising solution, as such techniques allow to reduce the network management complexity. This work presents the PrioSDN Resource Manager (PrioSDN_RM), a resource management mechanism based on admission control for virtualized SDN-based networks. The proposed combination imposes bounds on the resource utilization for the virtual slices, which therefore share the network links, while maintaining isolation from each other. The presented approach exploits a priority-based runtime bandwidth distribution mechanism to dynamically react to load changes (e.g., due to alarms). The paper describes the design of the approach and provides experimental results obtained on a real testbed

MAINTENANCE, TESTING AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF THE CUP FILLING MASCHINE

Industrial automation of the production process is based on the fusion of a CNC machine and an industrial robot. The industry of today requires skilled professionals and educators. Special attention is to be paid to the testing of the components and system operation and the maintenance of the system. Robots and automation are omnipresent nowadays and have also taken a significant role in education. The research presented here aims to overhaul the scaled model of the cup-filling machine to make it operate fully automated. The parts and subsystems of the cup-filling machine are explained in detail and their operation was tested. The cup-filling machine is fully automated using a programmable logic controller (PLC) SIEMENS S7 300. The machine can recognize two cup sizes and fills both types without overspilling. Filled cups are transported over a conveyor belt and classified according to their sizes PLCs have mainly replaced relays in industrial automation, bearing in mind that this way, scale-up is much more feasible, and alteration of control is done in PLC program code. This also has contributed to better maintenance and operation verification

Modellgestützter Entwurf von Feldgeräteapplikationen

Die Entwicklung von Feldgeräten ist ein äußerst komplexer Vorgang, welcher auf vielen Vorrausetzungen aufsetzt, diverse Anforderungen und Randbedingungen mitbringt und bisher wenig beachtet und veröffentlicht wurde. Angesichts der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung drängen immer mehr Anbieter auf den Automatisierungsmarkt. So sind aktuell zunehmend Technologien und Ansätze aus dem Umfeld des Internet of Things im Automatisierungsbereich zu finden. Diese Ansätze reichen von Sensoren ohne die in der Industrie üblichen Beschreibungen bis hin zu Marktplätzen, auf denen Integratoren und Anwender Softwareteile für Anlagen kaufen können. Für die neuen Anbieter, die häufig nicht aus dem klassischen Automatisierungsgeschäft kommen, sind die bisher bestehenden Modelle, Funktionalitäten, Profile und Beschreibungsmittel nicht immer leicht zu verwenden. So entstehen disruptive Lösungen auf Basis neu definierter Spezifikationen und Modelle. Trotz dieser Disruptivität sollte es das Ziel sein, die bewährten Automatisierungsfunktionen nicht neu zu erfinden, sondern diese effektiv und effizient in Abhängigkeit der Anforderungen auf unterschiedlichen Plattformen zu verwenden. Dies schließt ihre flexible Verteilung auf heterogene vernetzte Ressourcen explizit ein. Dabei können die Plattformen sowohl klassische Feldgeräte und Steuerungen sein, als auch normale Desktop-PCs und IoT-Knoten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Werkzeugkette für den modellbasierten Entwurf von Feldgeräteapplikationen auf Basis von Profilen und damit für den erweiterten Entwurf von verteilten Anlagenapplikationen zu entwickeln. Dabei müssen die verschiedenen Beschreibungsmöglichkeiten evaluiert werden, um diese mit detaillierten Parameter- und Prozessdatenbeschreibungen zu erweitern. Außerdem sollen modulare Konzepte genutzt und Vorbereitungen für die Verwendung von Semantik im Entwurfsprozess getroffen werden. In Bezug auf den Geräteengineeringprozess soll der Anteil des automatisierten Geräteengineerings erweitert werden. Dies soll zu einer Flexibilisierung der Geräteentwicklung führen, in der die Verschaltung der funktionalen Elemente beim Endkunden erfolgt. Auch das Deployment von eigenen funktionalen Elementen auf die Geräte der Hersteller soll durch den Endkunden möglich werden. Dabei wird auch eine automatisierte Erstellung von Gerätebeschreibungen benötigt. Alle diese Erweiterungen ermöglichen dann den letzten großen Schritt zu einer verteilten Applikation über heterogene Infrastrukturen. Dabei sind die funktionalen Elemente nicht nur durch die Gerätehersteller verteilbar, sondern diese können auch auf verschiedenen Plattformen unterschiedlicher Gerätehersteller verwendet werden. Damit einher geht die für aktuelle Entwicklungen wie Industrie 4.0 benötigte geräteunabhängige Definition von Funktionalität. Alle im Engineering entstandenen Informationen können dabei auf den unterschiedlichen Ebenen der Automatisierungspyramide und während des Lebenszyklus weiterverwendet werden. Eine Integration diverser Gerätefamilien außerhalb der Automatisierungstechnik wie z. B. IoT-Geräte und IT-Geräte ist damit vorstellbar. Nach einer Analyse der relevanten Techniken, Technologien, Konzepte, Methoden und Spezifikationen wurde eine Werkzeugkette für den modellgestützten Entwurf von Feldgeräten entwickelt und die benötigten Werkzeugteile und Erweiterungen an bestehenden Beschreibungen diskutiert. Dies Konzept wurde dann auf den verteilten Entwurf auf heterogener Hardware und heterogenen Plattformen erweitert, bevor beide Konzepte prototypisch umgesetzt und evaluiert wurden. Die Evaluation erfolgt an einem zweigeteilten Szenario aus der Sicht eines Geräteherstellers und eines Integrators. Die entwickelte Lösung integriert Ansätze aus dem Kontext von Industrie 4.0 und IoT. Sie trägt zu einer vereinfachten und effizienteren Automatisierung des Engineerings bei. Dabei können Profile als Baukasten für die Funktionalität der Feldgeräte und Anlagenapplikationen verwendet werden. Bestehende Beschränkungen im Engineering werden somit abgeschwächt, so dass eine Verteilung der Funktionalität auf heterogene Hardware und heterogene Plattformen möglich wird und damit zur Flexibilisierung der Automatisierungssysteme beiträgt.The development of field devices is a very complex procedure. Many preconditions need to be met. Various requirements and constrains need to be addressed. Beside this, there are only a few publications on this topic. Due to the ongoing digitalization, more and more solution providers are entering the market of the industrial automation. Technologies and approaches from the context of the Internet of Things are being used more and more in the automation domain. These approaches range from sensors without the typical descriptions from industry up to marketplaces where integrators and users can buy software components for plants. For new suppliers, who often do not come from the classical automation business, the already existing models, functionalities, profiles, and descriptions are not always easy to use. This results in disruptive solutions based on newly defined specifications and models. Despite this disruptiveness, the aim should be to prevent reinventing the proven automation functions, and to use them effectively, and efficiently on different platforms depending on the requirements. This explicitly includes the flexible distribution of the automation functions to heterogeneous networked resources. The platforms can be classical field devices and controllers, as well as normal desktop PCs and IoT nodes. The aim of this thesis is to develop a toolchain for the model-based design of field device applications based on profiles, and thus also suitable for the extended design of distributed plant applications. Therefore, different description methods are evaluated in order to enrich them with detailed descriptions of parameters and process data. Furthermore, c oncepts of modularity will also be used and preparations will be made for the use of semantics in the design process. With regard to the device engineering process, the share of automated device engineering will be increased. This leads to a flexibilisation of the device development, allowing the customer to perform the networking of the functional elements by himself. The customer should also be able to deploy his own functional elements to the manufacturers' devices. This requires an automated creation of device descriptions. Finally, all these extensions will enable a major step towards using a distributed application over heterogeneous infrastructures. Thus, the functional elements can not only be distributed by equipment manufacturers, but also be distributed on different platforms of different equipment manufacturers. This is accompanied by the device-independent definition of functionality required for current developments such as Industry 4.0. All information created during engineering can be used at different levels of the automation pyramid and throughout the life cycle. An integration of various device families from outside of Automation Technology, such as IoT devices and IT devices, is thus conceivable. After an analysis of the relevant techniques, technologies, concepts, methods, and specifications a toolchain for the model-based design of field devices was developed and the required tool parts, and extensions to existing descriptions were discussed. This concept was then extended to the distributed design on heterogeneous hardware and heterogeneous platforms. Finally, both concepts were prototypically implemented and evaluated. The evaluation is based on a two-part scenario from both the perspective of a device manufacturer, and the one of an integrator. The developed solution integrates approaches from the context of Industry 4.0 and IoT. It contributes to a simplified, and more efficient automation of engineering. Within this context, profiles can be used as building blocks for the functionality of field devices, and plant applications. Existing limitations in engineering are thus reduced, so that a distribution of functionality across heterogeneous hardware and heterogeneous platforms becomes possible and contributing to the flexibility of automation systems

Suurten datamäärien hallinta prosessiteollisuudessa

The idea of Internet of Things (IoT) is to connect all the devices into one network and to enable interoperability between them. Interoperability benefits also the process industry when the control devices and software can interoperate with management software. One part of the industrial IoT is being able to efficiently analyze the data from the field devices so that for example predictive maintenance can be achieved. Information modelling is needed to enable communication between the different software and to make analyzing data easier. This thesis examines the state of the IoT and the benefits of information modelling. The aim is to find the information modelling standard most suitable for the process industry and to figure out how standard conforming information models are created. The literature part of this thesis studies the current state and the future of IoT. The focus is especially on the possibilities it brings for the oil and gas industry. A broad collection of information modelling standards is introduced. According to the comparison made, OPC UA was selected in this work as the most suitable standard for the needs of process industry. In the experimental part the information modelling process is introduced and three OPC UA modelling tools are examined. Instructions for information modelling with OPC UA were created. An OPC UA standard conforming information model of a distillation column was created to be used to configure a soft sensor. The model was validated using expert knowledge. The model was also successfully connected to a data source that was in this case a DCS emulator.Esineiden internetin ajatuksena on kytkeä kaikki laitteet samaan verkkoon ja mahdollistaa niiden välinen yhteensopivuus. Myös prosessiteollisuudessa on hyötyä yhteensopivuudesta, kun säätölaitteet ja ohjausjärjestelmät voivat kommunikoida hallintojärjestelmien kanssa. Teollisessa esineiden internetissä kenttälaitteiden tuottamaa data pystytään analysoimaan tehokkaasti siten, että esimerkiksi ennakoiva huolto on mahdollista. Tietomalleja tarvitaan laitteiden välisen kommunikaation mahdollistamiseksi ja tiedon analysoinnin helpottamiseksi. Tämä diplomityö käsittelee esineiden internetin tilaa sekä tietomallinnuksella saavutettavia hyötyjä. Tavoitteena on löytää prosessiteollisuuteen sopivin tietomallinnusstandardi sekä selvittää, miten valitun standardin mukaisia tietomalleja laaditaan. Kirjallisuusosassa selvitellään esineiden internetin nykytila sekä tulevaisuudennäkymät. Erityisest keskitytään esineiden internetin öljy- ja kaasuteollisuudelle tuomiin mahdollisuuksiin. Työssä esitellään laaja kokoelma tietomallinnusstandardeja. Tehdyn vertailun jälkeen OPC UA valittiin tässä työssä prosessiteollisuuden käyttötarkoitukisiin sopivimmaksi standardiksi. Soveltavassa osassa esitellään tietomallinnusprosessi sekä tutustutaan kolmeen erilaiseen OPC UA tietomallinnustyökaluun. Tietomallintamisesta OPC UA -standardin avulla laadittiin ohjeet. Työssä laadittiin OPC UA:n mukainen tietomalli tislauskolonnista virtuaalisen säätimen konfigurointikäyttöön. Laaditun mallin toimivuutta arvioitiin asiantuntijoiden avulla. Malli kiinnitettiin onnistuneesti tietolähteeseen, joka tässä tapauksessa oli DCS emulaattori

ePAPI: Performance Application Programming Interface for Embedded Platforms

Performance Monitoring Counters (PMCs) have been traditionally used in the mainstream computing domain to perform debugging and optimization of software performance. PMCs are increasingly considered in embedded time-critical domains to collect in-depth information, e.g. cache misses and memory accesses, of software execution time on complex multicore platforms. In main-stream platforms, standardized specifications and applications like the Performance Application Programming Interface (PAPI) and perf have been proposed to deal with variable PMC support across platforms, by providing a shared interface for configuring and collecting traceable events. However, no equivalent solution exists for embedded critical processors for which the user is required to deal with low-level, platform-specific, and error-prone manipulation of PMC registers. In this paper, we address the need for a standardized PMC interface in the embedded domain, especially in view to support timing characterization of embedded platforms. We assess the compatibility of the PAPI interface with the PMC support available on the AURIX TC297, a reference automotive platform, and we implement and validate ePAPI, the first functionally-equivalent and low-overhead implementation of PAPI for the considered embedded platform