Exploring Privacy-Preserving Disease Diagnosis: A Comparative Analysis

In the healthcare sector, data is considered as a valuable asset, with enormous amounts generated in the form of patient records and disease-related information. Leveraging machine learning techniques enables the analysis of extensive datasets, unveiling hidden patterns in diseases, facilitating personalized treatments, and forecasting potential health issues. However, the flourish of online diagnosis and prediction still faces some challenges related to information security and privacy as disease diagnosis technologies utilizes a lot of clinical records and sensitive patient data. Hence, it becomes imperative to prioritize the development of innovative methodologies that not only advance the accuracy and efficiency of disease prediction but also ensure the highest standards of privacy protection. This requires collaborative efforts between researchers, healthcare practitioners, and policymakers to establish a comprehensive framework that addresses the evolving landscape of healthcare data while safeguarding individual privacy. Addressing this constraint, numerous researchers integrate privacy preservation measures with disease prediction techniques to develop a system capable of diagnosing diseases without compromising the confidentiality of sensitive information. The survey paper conducts a comparative analysis of privacy-preserving techniques employed in disease diagnosis and prediction. It explores existing methodologies across various domains, assessing their efficacy and trade-offs in maintaining data confidentiality while optimizing diagnostic accuracy. The review highlights the need for robust privacy measures in disease prediction, shortcomings related to existing techniques of privacy preserving disease diagnosis, and provides insights into promising directions for future research in this critical intersection of healthcare and privacy preservation

Privacy preserving association rule mining using attribute-identity mapping

Association rule mining uncovers hidden yet important patterns in data. Discovery of the patterns helps data owners to make right decision to enhance efficiency, increase profit and reduce loss. However, there is privacy concern especially when the data owner is not the miner or when many parties are involved. This research studied privacy preserving association rule mining (PPARM) of horizontally partitioned and outsourced data. Existing research works in the area concentrated mainly on the privacy issue and paid very little attention to data quality issue. Meanwhile, the more the data quality, the more accurate and reliable will the association rules be. Consequently, this research proposed Attribute-Identity Mapping (AIM) as a PPARM technique to address the data quality issue. Given a dataset, AIM identifies set of attributes, attribute values for each attribute. It then assigns ‘unique’ identity for each of the attributes and their corresponding values. It then generates sanitized dataset by replacing each attribute and its values with their corresponding identities. For privacy preservation purpose, the sanitization process will be carried out by data owners. They then send the sanitized data, which is made up of only identities, to data miner. When any or all the data owners need(s) ARM result from the aggregate data, they send query to the data miner. The query constitutes attributes (in form of identities), minSup and minConf thresholds and then number of rules they are want. Results obtained show that the PPARM technique maintains 100% data quality without compromising privacy, using Census Income dataset

Exploring Machine Learning Models for Federated Learning: A Review of Approaches, Performance, and Limitations

In the growing world of artificial intelligence, federated learning is a distributed learning framework enhanced to preserve the privacy of individuals' data. Federated learning lays the groundwork for collaborative research in areas where the data is sensitive. Federated learning has several implications for real-world problems. In times of crisis, when real-time decision-making is critical, federated learning allows multiple entities to work collectively without sharing sensitive data. This distributed approach enables us to leverage information from multiple sources and gain more diverse insights. This paper is a systematic review of the literature on privacy-preserving machine learning in the last few years based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Specifically, we have presented an extensive review of supervised/unsupervised machine learning algorithms, ensemble methods, meta-heuristic approaches, blockchain technology, and reinforcement learning used in the framework of federated learning, in addition to an overview of federated learning applications. This paper reviews the literature on the components of federated learning and its applications in the last few years. The main purpose of this work is to provide researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive overview of federated learning from the machine learning point of view. A discussion of some open problems and future research directions in federated learning is also provided

Rational Multiparty Computation

The field of rational cryptography considers the design of cryptographic protocols in the presence of rational agents seeking to maximize local utility functions. This departs from the standard secure multiparty computation setting, where players are assumed to be either honest or malicious. ^ We detail the construction of both a two-party and a multiparty game theoretic framework for constructing rational cryptographic protocols. Our framework specifies the utility function assumptions necessary to realize the privacy, correctness, and fairness guarantees for protocols. We demonstrate that our framework correctly models cryptographic protocols, such as rational secret sharing, where existing work considers equilibrium concepts that yield unreasonable equilibria. Similarly, we demonstrate that cryptography may be applied to the game theoretic domain, constructing an auction market not realizable in the original formulation. Additionally, we demonstrate that modeling players as rational agents allows us to design a protocol that destabilizes coalitions. Thus, we establish a mutual benefit from combining the two fields, while demonstrating the applicability of our framework to real-world market environments.^ We also give an application of game theory to adversarial interactions where cryptography is not necessary. Specifically, we consider adversarial machine learning, where the adversary is rational and reacts to the presence of a data miner. We give a general extension to classification algorithms that returns greater expected utility for the data miner than existing classification methods

Data Masking, Encryption, and their Effect on Classification Performance: Trade-offs Between Data Security and Utility

As data mining increasingly shapes organizational decision-making, the quality of its results must be questioned to ensure trust in the technology. Inaccuracies can mislead decision-makers and cause costly mistakes. With more data collected for analytical purposes, privacy is also a major concern. Data security policies and regulations are increasingly put in place to manage risks, but these policies and regulations often employ technologies that substitute and/or suppress sensitive details contained in the data sets being mined. Data masking and substitution and/or data encryption and suppression of sensitive attributes from data sets can limit access to important details. It is believed that the use of data masking and encryption can impact the quality of data mining results. This dissertation investigated and compared the causal effects of data masking and encryption on classification performance as a measure of the quality of knowledge discovery. A review of the literature found a gap in the body of knowledge, indicating that this problem had not been studied before in an experimental setting. The objective of this dissertation was to gain an understanding of the trade-offs between data security and utility in the field of analytics and data mining. The research used a nationally recognized cancer incidence database, to show how masking and encryption of potentially sensitive demographic attributes such as patients’ marital status, race/ethnicity, origin, and year of birth, could have a statistically significant impact on the patients’ predicted survival. Performance parameters measured by four different classifiers delivered sizable variations in the range of 9% to 10% between a control group, where the select attributes were untouched, and two experimental groups where the attributes were substituted or suppressed to simulate the effects of the data protection techniques. In practice, this represented a corroboration of the potential risk involved when basing medical treatment decisions using data mining applications where attributes in the data sets are masked or encrypted for patient privacy and security concerns

An optimized context-aware mobile computing model to filter inappropriate incoming calls in smartphone

Requests for communication via mobile devices can be disruptive to the receiver in certain social situation. For example, unsuitable incoming calls may put the receiver in a dangerous condition, as in the case of receiving calls while driving. Therefore, designers of mobile computing interfaces require plans for minimizing annoying calls. To reduce the frequency of these calls, one promising approach is to provide an intelligent and accurate system, based on context awareness with cues of a callee's context allowing informed decisions of when to answer a call. The processing capabilities and advantages of mobile devices equipped with portable sensors provide the basis for new context-awareness services and applications. However, contextawareness mobile computing systems are needed to manage the difficulty of multiple sources of context that affects the accuracy of the systems, and the challenge of energy hungry GPS sensor that affects the battery consumption of mobile phone. Hence, reducing the cost of GPS sensor and increasing the accuracy of current contextawareness call filtering systems are two main motivations of this study. Therefore, this study proposes a new localization mechanism named Improved Battery Life in Context Awareness System (IBCS) to deal with the energy-hungry GPS sensor and optimize the battery consumption of GPS sensor in smartphone for more than four hours. Finally, this study investigates the context-awareness models in smartphone and develops an alternative intelligent model structure to improve the accuracy rate. Hence, a new optimized context-awareness mobile computing model named Optimized Context Filtering (OCF) is developed to filter unsuitable incoming calls based on context information of call receiver. In this regard, a new extended Naive Bayesian classifier was proposed based on the Naive Bayesian classifier by combining the incremental learning strategy with appropriate weight on the new training data. This new classifier is utilized as an inference engine to the proposed model to increase its accuracy rate. The results indicated that 7% improvement was seen in the accuracy rate of the proposed extended naive Bayesian classifier. On the other hand, the proposed model result showed that the OCF model improved the accuracy rate by 14%. These results indicated that the proposed model is a hopeful approach to provide an intelligent call filtering system based on context information for smartphones