Problematic Smartphone Use in Adolescents: Are Parents’ Digital Competence, Parents’ Negative Attitudes, and Perceived Parental Efficacy Important?

The present study investigates whether parents' digital competence, parents' negative attitudes toward smartphones, and perceived parental efficacy of smartphones predict problematic smartphone use in adolescents. An online survey provided quantitative data from 102 participants. They were 63 mothers, and 39 fathers were involved in the study. Problematic smartphone use in adolescents was perceived by parents using the Problematic Media Use Measure. Parents’ digital competence was measured using Digital Competence Instrument. The Parental Perceptions of Technology Scale measured parents’ negative attitudes towards smartphones and perceived parental efficacy. All measurements were validated in the Indonesian version. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data.

PROBLEMATIC SMARTPHONE USE IN ADOLESCENTS: PARENTAL STRUCTURE AND PARENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTROL AS PREDICTORS

The use of smartphones in adolescents can negatively impact their daily lives. When adolescents’ ability to control smartphone use is low, they could experience problematic smartphone use behavior (PSU). By internalizing control, parents play a crucial role in enhancing adolescents' self-control on smartphone use. Based on the controlling component of parenting, there are two types of parental control: parental structure and parental psychological control. Previous studies have found a relationship between parental psychological control and PSU. However, studies investigating the relationship between parental structure and parental psychological control simultaneously with PSU are limited. This study is important since parents found practicing those two types of parental control simultaneously. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of parental structure and psychological control on adolescents' problematic smartphone use. 219 adolescents aged 12-18 (M = 14.49 years) completed the Indonesian version of the Parental Structure Scale, Parental Psychological Control Scale, and Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale questionnaires. Stepwise regression analysis shows that only parental psychological control predicts the increase of problematic smartphone use in adolescents. Our finding suggested that the type of parental control that emphasizes authority assertion, love withdrawal, and guilt induction is ineffective in decreasing problematic smartphone use in adolescents

Perceived attachment and problematic smartphone use in young people: mediating effects of self-regulation and prosociality

Background: Problematic use of smartphones is a challenge facing societies around the world. This phenomenon has been associated with negative socialization experiences through the impact they have on how the youth relates to their environment. This study was designed to examine parental and peer attachment, self-efficacy and prosocial reasoning as predictors of different attitudes towards online communication and problematic smartphone use. Method: 561 youth aged 14-20 years (Mage= 17.82; SD= 1.64; 67.7% Female) participated in an online survey. Results: Results indicated that an increase in self-efficacy or prosocial reasoning is correlated with a decrease in problematic smartphone use and attitudes towards online communication aimed at avoiding reality or constructing a more comfortable parallel social reality. Attachment to parents and peers had direct and indirect effects on problematic smartphone use and attitudes toward online communication through youth personal and social adjustment. Conclusions: Attachment plays a relevant role in the symptoms reduction of smartphone addiction and attitudes to online communication in youth, through its impact on self-efficacy perceptions and prosocial reasoning

Uso/ abuso del móvil y sueño en adolescentes de 13 a 18 años

Introducción: En los últimos años el uso del móvil ha cambiado considerablemente. Los adolescentes son considerados un grupo de riesgo frente a las nuevas tecnologías ya que han nacido inmersas en ellas. Material y métodos: se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de 40 estudios de investigación sobre el uso/ abuso que hacen los jóvenes entre 13 y 18 años del móvil y su relación con el sueño. Resultados: El 52% de los sujetos adolescentes que utilizan el móvil tiene peor calidad del sueño. El 57% de jóvenes entre 13 y 18 años hace un mal uso del móvil o abusa de él, se ha relacionado el abuso del móvil con sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. Conclusiones: El móvil interfiere de manera considerable en la calidad del sueño de los adolescentes, disminuyendo su energía y rendimiento por el día. Genera una dependencia emocional que puede llevar a los jóvenes a problemas de ansiedad o depresión. A su vez el mal uso del móvil correlaciona con la autoestima de forma que, a mayor autoestima, menor uso problemático del móvil.Introduction: in recent years the use of the mobile phone has changed considerably. Teenagers are considered a risk group against new techologies as they have been born immersed in them. Material and methods: a systematic revision was carried out, counting with 40 studies of investigation about the use/abuse of the mobile phone that the youth between 13 and 18 do, emphasizing its night time usage. Results: a 52% of teenagers that were using their phones when they went to bed proved a worse sleep quality. A 57% of young people misuses or abuses of it, being related mobile phone abuse with an anxious and depressive symptomatology. Conlusions: mobiles interfere considerably in teens' sleep quality, draining their energy and their daily performance. Moreover, it generates an emotional dependence that can lead to young people to anxiety or depression problems. Furthermore, mobile phone misuse is related with self esteem, being the more self esteem, the less problematic misuse of the mobile phone.Psicologí

El uso problemático del teléfono móvil: desde el abuso a su consideración como adicción comportamental

El objetivo general de esta investigación se ha dirigido al análisis del uso problemático del teléfono móvil entre la población española, desde los 16 a los 65 años de edad. Nuestra hipótesis se ha basado en la consideración de que dicho uso problemático respondería a los criterios de adicción, como lo son las sustancias y el juego patológico, y que por lo tanto, como otras adicciones, es capaz de afectar a capas amplias de la población, no solo a jóvenes y adolescentes. En la consecución de dicho objetivo se llevó a cabo inicialmente un estudio y revisión del histórico de investigaciones precedentes, tanto en el ámbito de la impulsividad como en la propia consideración del teléfono móvil como adicción comportamental. Posteriormente se realizó un trabajo de campo con una muestra de ámbito nacional, en 17 comunidades autónomas de España, con un total de 1.126 entrevistas y un cuestionario semiestructurado aplicado mediante un procedimiento on-line. Como resultado de este trabajo se presentan cinco artículos, tanto publicados como en actual revisión por las revistas correspondientes. En el primer artículo se ha pretendido analizar el peso e importancia, en el histórico de investigaciones precedentes, de la impulsividad como antesala de las adicciones en general, así como en el contexto de las nuevas adicciones sociales o comportamentales. Teniendo en cuenta que progresivamente existe un creciente número de publicaciones que analizan la extensión de dicho modelo al ámbito comportamental, se desprende que la impulsividad tiene un papel esencial en este proceso, encontrándose sin embargo también asociada con frecuencia a otras patologías. En este trabajo se concluye por lo tanto que el modelo de adicción a sustancias puede ser aplicable al campo de las adicciones comportamentales considerando la impulsividad como precedente..

Prevalence of problematic cell phone use in an adult population in Spain as assessed by the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS).

Problematic cell phone use has alarmingly increased in industrialized countries in the past 10 years. For many perpetrators, it can turn into a behavioural addiction, although this is not a recognized medical condition. Although there are many tools for evaluating this use, one of the most widely used tools is the Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS), which we test on a representative sample of the population in Spain to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of problematic cell phone use in our midst. The age range consists of 16-65 years, with 1,126 surveys conducted. In this population, we verify that the reliability and internal consistency of the MPPUS (α = 0.939) are maintained. Additionally, the construct validity, considering the derived factors (Abuse and Dependence, Craving and Loss of Control, and Dependence on the Social Environment) are aligned with other research and with diverse external criteria of addiction. We establish four categories of users (Casual, Regular, At Risk, and Problematic) and obtain a prevalence of 15.4% among At Risk Users and 5.1% among Problematic Users. This finding implies a total of 20.5% of Users with Problems. A binary logistic regression analysis shows that age, gender, level of education, and daily cell phone use predict problematic cell phone use. The results, based on multiple criteria, show that such problematic use shares features of recognized addictions, affecting large segments of the population and not only adolescents

Prevalence of problematic cell phone use in an adult population in Spain as assessed by the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS)

Problematic cell phone use has alarmingly increased in industrialized countries in the past 10 years. For many perpetrators, it can turn into a behavioural addiction, although this is not a recognized medical condition. Although there are many tools for evaluating this use, one of the most widely used tools is the Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS), which we test on a representative sample of the population in Spain to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of problematic cell phone use in our midst. The age range consists of 16-65 years, with 1,126 surveys conducted. In this population, we verify that the reliability and internal consistency of the MPPUS (α = 0.939) are maintained. Additionally, the construct validity, considering the derived factors (Abuse and Dependence, Craving and Loss of Control, and Dependence on the Social Environment) are aligned with other research and with diverse external criteria of addiction. We establish four categories of users (Casual, Regular, At Risk, and Problematic) and obtain a prevalence of 15.4% among At Risk Users and 5.1% among Problematic Users. This finding implies a total of 20.5% of Users with Problems. A binary logistic regression analysis shows that age, gender, level of education, and daily cell phone use predict problematic cell phone use. The results, based on multiple criteria, show that such problematic use shares features of recognized addictions, affecting large segments of the population and not only adolescents

청소년기 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 심리학과, 2021. 2. 곽금주.The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of grit on the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction. With the increased usage of smartphones among adolescents, numerous studies have examined smartphone addiction. However, most studies focused on the negative consequences of smartphone addiction, and relatively few studies investigated how adolescents become addicted to smartphones. In fact, no known studies have reported the association between stress, grit, and smartphone addiction among adolescents. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between stress, grit, and smartphone addiction among Korean adolescents from age 12 to 16. Particularly, we focused on the mediating effect of grit on the relationship between daily stress and smartphone addiction. Participants were 605 Korean adolescents (mean age = 13.97 years). They completed questionnaires measuring stress, grit, and smartphone addiction. Stress was assessed using the Daily Hassles Scales for Children in Korea developed by Han and Yoo (1995). Grit was measured by the Korean translated version of the Original Grit Scale (Duckworth et al., 2007; Park et al., 2020). Finally, smartphone addiction was measured by using the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Youth developed by the National Information Society Agency (2011). We analyzed the association of stress, grit, smartphone addiction through Pearson’s correlation analysis. The mediating effect was analyzed by using PROCESS macro version 3.5, and bootstrapping was conducted to test the significance of the mediating effect. The main findings were as follows. First, adolescent stress significantly influenced smartphone addiction. Second, grit had a significant influence on smartphone addiction. Finally, grit partially mediated the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction. In other words, high levels of stress reduced grit, which in turn increased the smartphone addiction proneness. In addition, two factors of grit (consistency of interest and perseverance of effort) both mediated the association between stress and smartphone addiction. These results indicate that adolescent's daily stress may be a potential risk factor for smartphone addiction. Furthermore, by demonstrating the mediating effect of grit on the relationship between stress and smartphone addiction, the present study revealed that stress leads to smartphone addiction through lowered grit. This suggests that high level of grit is an important personal factor that may prevent the path of stress to smartphone addiction. Our study is meaningful in that it is the first study to empirically investigate adolescent's grit in relation to stress and smartphone addiction. Moreover, this study can provide useful information about prevention and intervention strategies for smartphone addiction. Limitations and directions for future studies are discussed.본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과가 나타나는지 알아보는 것이다. 청소년의 스마트폰 이용이 증가함에 따라 많은 선행 연구들은 스마트폰 중독의 관련 요인에 대해 연구해왔다. 그러나 대부분의 연구는 스마트폰 중독으로 인한 부정적 결과를 중심적으로 다루었으며 청소년들이 어떻게 스마트폰 중독에 이르게 되는지 그 경로에 대한 탐색은 상대적으로 부족한 실정이다. 특히 한국 청소년들을 대상으로 스트레스, 그릿, 그리고 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 탐색한 연구는 전무하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 12세에서 16세 한국 청소년들을 대상으로 스트레스, 그릿, 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 알아보았다. 더불어 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과가 나타나는지 알아보았다. 본 연구에는 605명의 한국 청소년들이 참여하였으며 (평균 연령 = 13.97세), 참여자들은 스트레스, 그릿, 스마트폰 중독을 측정하는 설문지를 완료하였다. 스트레스는 한국아동의 일상적 스트레스 척도(Han & Yoo, 1995)를 사용하여 측정하였으며, 그릿은 Original Grit Scale의 번안된 척도(Duckworth et al., 2007; Park et al., 2020)로 측정하였다. 마지막으로, 스마트폰 중독은 한국정보화진흥원(2011)에서 개발한 청소년용 스마트폰 중독 자가진단 척도를 사용하여 측정하였다. 먼저 Pearson의 상관분석을 사용하여 스트레스, 그릿, 스마트폰 중독의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 또한, 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿의 매개효과가 나타나는지 검증하기 위하여 Hayes(2017)의 PROCESS macro를 실시하였고, 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하기 위해 부트스트래핑(Bootstrapping)을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 스트레스는 스마트폰 중독에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 청소년의 그릿은 스마트폰 중독에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 마지막으로, 그릿은 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 스트레스가 높을수록, 그릿은 낮아지고, 이는 청소년의 스마트폰 중독 성향을 높이는 경향이 있었다. 게다가, 그릿의 두 하위 요소 (노력 지속과 흥미 유지) 모두 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계를 부분 매개하였다. 이러한 결과는 청소년의 일상적 스트레스가 스마트폰 중독의 잠재적 위험 요인이 될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 더불어 스트레스와 스마트폰 중독의 관계에서 그릿이 매개 역할을 한다는 것을 검증함으로써 본 연구는 스트레스가 스마트폰 중독으로 이어지는 기제를 밝혔으며 그릿이 청소년기 스마트폰 중독 위험성을 완화하는 개인적 요인이 될 수 있다는 것을 밝혔다. 본 연구는 청소년기 그릿을 스트레스, 스마트폰 중독과 연관시켜 탐색한 첫번째 경험적 연구이며 스마트폰 중독의 예방과 개입에 도움을 줄 수 있는 정보를 제공할 수 있다는 점에서 학문적 의의가 있다. 논의에는 이 연구의 한계점과 추후 연구 방향에 대한 제언을 제시하였다.TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 The Current Study 9 Theoretical Background 12 Stress and Smartphone Addiction 12 Grit and Smartphone Addiction 17 Stress and Grit 25 Research Questions and Hypotheses 28 Method 30 Participants 30 Measures 30 Procedures 32 Results 34 Descriptive Statistics among Stress, Grit, and Smartphone Addiction 35 Correlations between Stress, Grit, and Smartphone Addiction 38 Grit as a Mediator in the Relationship between Stress and Smartphone Addiction 41 Discussion 46 References 54 국문초록 78Maste

Problematic Use of Mobile Phones in Australia…Is It Getting Worse?

Rapid technological innovations over the past few years have led to dramatic changes in today's mobile phone technology. While such changes can improve the quality of life of its users, problematic mobile phone use can result in its users experiencing a range of negative outcomes such as anxiety or, in some cases, engagement in unsafe behaviors with serious health and safety implications such as mobile phone distracted driving. The aims of the present study are two-fold. First, this study investigated the current problem mobile phone use in Australia and its potential implications for road safety. Second, based on the changing nature and pervasiveness of mobile phones in Australian society, this study compared data from 2005 with data collected in 2018 to identify trends in problem mobile phone use in Australia. As predicted, the results demonstrated that problem mobile phone use in Australia increased from the first data collected in 2005. In addition, meaningful differences were found between gender and age groups in this study, with females and users in the 18–25 year-old age group showing higher mean Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS) scores. Additionally, problematic mobile phone use was linked with mobile phone use while driving. Specifically, participants who reported high levels of problem mobile phone use, also reported handheld and hands-free mobile phone use while driving