Scanned Document Compression Technique

These days’ different media records are utilized to impart data. The media documents are content records, picture, sound, video and so forth. All these media documents required substantial measure of spaces when it is to be exchanged. Regular five page report records involve 75 KB of space, though a solitary picture can take up around 1.4 MB. In our paper, fundamental center is on two pressure procedures which are named as DjVU pressure strategy and the second is Block-based Hybrid Video Codec. In which we will chiefly concentrate on DjVU pressure strategy. DjVu is a picture pressure procedure particularly equipped towards the pressure of checked records in shading at high determination. Run of the mill magazine pages in shading filtered at 300dpi are compacted to somewhere around 40 and 80 KB, or 5 to 10 times littler than with JPEG for a comparative level of subjective quality. The frontal area layer, which contains the content and drawings and requires high spatial determination, is isolated from the foundation layer, which contains pictures and foundations and requires less determination. The closer view is packed with a bi-tonal picture pressure system that exploits character shape similitudes. The foundation is compacted with another dynamic, wavelet-based pressure strategy. A constant, memory proficient variant of the decoder is accessible as a module for famous web programs. We likewise exhibit that the proposed division calculation can enhance the nature of decoded reports while at the same time bringing down the bit rate

Review of Face Detection Systems Based Artificial Neural Networks Algorithms

Face detection is one of the most relevant applications of image processing and biometric systems. Artificial neural networks (ANN) have been used in the field of image processing and pattern recognition. There is lack of literature surveys which give overview about the studies and researches related to the using of ANN in face detection. Therefore, this research includes a general review of face detection studies and systems which based on different ANN approaches and algorithms. The strengths and limitations of these literature studies and systems were included also.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, IJMA Journa

A preliminary approach to intelligent x-ray imaging for baggage inspection at airports

Identifying explosives in baggage at airports relies on being able to characterize the materials that make up an X-ray image. If a suspicion is generated during the imaging process (step 1), the image data could be enhanced by adapting the scanning parameters (step 2). This paper addresses the first part of this problem and uses textural signatures to recognize and characterize materials and hence enabling system control. Directional Gabor-type filtering was applied to a series of different X-ray images. Images were processed in such a way as to simulate a line scanning geometry. Based on our experiments with images of industrial standards and our own samples it was found that different materials could be characterized in terms of the frequency range and orientation of the filters. It was also found that the signal strength generated by the filters could be used as an indicator of visibility and optimum imaging conditions predicted

Structure determination of membrane proteins by electron crystallography

A fundamental principle of life is the separation of environments into different compartments. Prokaryotes shield their interior from the environment by a plasma membrane and in some cases also by a cell wall. Eukaryotes refine this compartmentalization by building different organelles for different parts of the cell metabolism. Nevertheless, these different compartments are dependent on each other and are interconnected by membrane proteins that transport specific nutrients, hormones, ions, water and waste products across the membrane and facilitate signal transmission between different compartments. Understanding the structure and function of membrane proteins can therefore allow an enormous insight into the regulation of different metabolic pathways. The electron microscope (EM) proved itself a great tool for studying membrane proteins, offering the unique opportunity to image membrane proteins within a lipid bilayer as close to the natural conditions as possible. Processing of images acquired by an electron microscope poses a challenging task for both scientist and processing hardware. Newly developed and optimized algorithms are needed to improve the image processing to a level that allows atomic resolution to be achieved regularly. Membrane proteins pose a difficult challenge for a structural biologist. To crystallize membrane proteins into well ordered two dimensional (2D) or three dimensional (3D) crystals is one of the most important prerequisites for structural analysis at the atomic level, yet membrane proteins are notoriously difficult to crystallize. One exception may be bacteriorhodopsin, which forms near-perfect crystals already in its native membrane. This may explain the fact that the first 2D electron crystallographic structure determined at 7 Å resolution by Henderson and Unwin[20][43] in 1975 was the structure of bacteriorhodopsin. In 1990 the structure of Br was determined to atomic resolution by Henderson et al.[19], being the first atomic structure of a membrane protein. The structure determination of Br was also the starting point for the mrc program suite, which is widely used at the moment in the, albeit small, 2D electron crystallography community. Using the mrc software Kühlbrandt et al.[26] solved the structure of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex in 1994. For recording the images they used the spot scan technique developed by Downing in 1991[9]. The first aquaporin water channel determined was aquaporin 1, resolved by Walz et al. in 1997[45] at 6 Å resolution, and subsequently solved to atomic resolution by Murata et al. in 2000[29]. Recently, several more aquaporin structures were determined by 2D electron crystallographic methods, aquaporin-0 (AQP0) by Gonen et al. in 2004[14] at 3 Å and in 2005[13] at 1.9 Å and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) by Hiroaki et al. in 2006[22]. Interestingly, AQP4 shows exactly the same monomer arrangement as SoPIP2;1. The recent publications show that the trend goes from recording solely images to the recording of diffraction data in combination with images or even to recording diffraction data exclusively, and then using methods developed for x-ray crystallography to obtain the phase information. Given the fact that the software available for processing of 2D electron diffraction patterns is less evolved than the one for processing images, and given this new development of increased usage of diffraction patterns, it only makes sense to focus on implementing new and improved programs for 2D electron diffraction processing. In this work I would like to present the advances I achieved in the structural determination of aquaporin 2, as well as my contribution to other projects, in particular the structural investigations of SoPIP2;1 and KdgM. I will also explain the modified sample preparation methods which made data recording at high tilt angles more reliable and achieved an improvement in resolution of the measured data. A second, equally important and detailed part of my thesis is the work invested in improving and extending the image processing to a point where a user, not adept in programming in several languages, can use it and produce good results. For this I improved the functionality and performance at several points, including a strong emphasis on user friendliness and ease of maintenance

Advancements and Challenges in Arabic Optical Character Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a vital process that involves the extraction of handwritten or printed text from scanned or printed images, converting it into a format that can be understood and processed by machines. This enables further data processing activities such as searching and editing. The automatic extraction of text through OCR plays a crucial role in digitizing documents, enhancing productivity, improving accessibility, and preserving historical records. This paper seeks to offer an exhaustive review of contemporary applications, methodologies, and challenges associated with Arabic Optical Character Recognition (OCR). A thorough analysis is conducted on prevailing techniques utilized throughout the OCR process, with a dedicated effort to discern the most efficacious approaches that demonstrate enhanced outcomes. To ensure a thorough evaluation, a meticulous keyword-search methodology is adopted, encompassing a comprehensive analysis of articles relevant to Arabic OCR, including both backward and forward citation reviews. In addition to presenting cutting-edge techniques and methods, this paper critically identifies research gaps within the realm of Arabic OCR. By highlighting these gaps, we shed light on potential areas for future exploration and development, thereby guiding researchers toward promising avenues in the field of Arabic OCR. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders involved in Arabic OCR, ultimately fostering advancements in the field and facilitating the creation of more accurate and efficient OCR systems for the Arabic language

The application of optical coherence tomography to image subsurface tissue structure of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba

Many small open ocean animals, such as Antarctic krill, are an important part of marine ecosystems. To discover what will happen to animals such as krill in a changing ocean, experiments are run in aquaria where conditions can be controlled to simulate water characteristics predicted to occur in the future. The response of individual animals to changing water conditions can be hard to observe, and with current observation techniques it is very difficult to follow the progress of an individual animal through its life. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging technique that allows images at high resolution to be obtained from depths up to a few millimeters inside biological specimens. It is compatible with in vivo imaging and can be used repeatedly on the same specimens. In this work, we show how OCT may be applied to post mortem krill samples and how important physiological data such as shell thickness and estimates of organ volume can be obtained. Using OCT we find an average value for the thickness of krill exoskeleton to be (30±4) µm along a 1 cm length of the animal body. We also show that the technique may be used to provide detailed imagery of the internal structure of a pleopod joint and provide an estimate for the heart volume of (0.73±0.03) mm3