Understanding Organizational Responses to Innovative Deviance: A Case Study of HathiTrust.

This thesis traces the emergence and evolution of HathiTrust as way of generating deeper insights into the processes of sociotechnical transformation. HathiTrust emerged from the groundbreaking and legally contentious Google mass digitization project as an organization operated by the University of Michigan. It grew into a partnership with over 100 research institutions that support a shared digital repository, oversee a digital library comprised of over thirteen million volumes, and run a research center for non-consumptive computational research. This dissertation combines traditional legal research and analysis with social scientific approaches. Primary data for this case study were generated from in-depth interviews and review of relevant documents such as contracts, judicial opinions, press releases, and organizational reports. It develops an analytic framework blending the sociological concept of innovative deviance with organizational sensemaking theories and copyright doctrine. It describes and explains how and why organizations make sense of and make decisions with respect to risk and opportunity under conditions of uncertainty, ambiguity, and disequilibrium. This explains how slow-moving institutions such as laws and academic research libraries change and adapt in accordance with changes in technology and social practices. It describes the dynamic, non-linear, and mutually constitutive relationships among technology, social practice, and law that shaped and were shaped by HathiTrust. In so doing, it offers insights into the processes of sociotechnical transformation.PhDInformationUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133351/1/acentiva_1.pd

Media ethnography

Contents Editorial Thematic Focus: Media Ethnography Media Ethnography and Participation in Online Practices / David Waldecker, Kathrin Englert, Wolfgang Ludwig-Mayerhofer, Oliver Schmidtke The Story is Everywhere. Dispersed Situations in a Literary Role Play Game / Wolfgang Reißmann Co-operation and/as Participant Observation: Reflections on Ethnographic Fieldwork in Morocco / Simon Holdermann Ethnomethodological Media Ethnography: Exploring Everyday Digital Practices in Families with Young Children / Clemens Eisenmann, Jan Peter, Erik Wittbusch Cooperation and Difference. Camera Ethnography in the Research Project ‘Early Childhood and Smartphone’ / Bina E. Mohn, Pip Hare, Astrid Vogelpohl, Jutta Wiesemann Reports Coordinations, or Computing is Work / Sebastian Gießman

The Negative Impact of Excessive Screen Time on Language Development in Children Under 6-Years-Old: An Integrative Review with Screen Time Reduction Toolkit and Presentation for Outpatient Pediatric and Family Health Providers

Background. Increased amounts of recreational screen time, defined as time watching television and DVDs, playing videogames, and using computers, tablets, and cellular phones without academic purpose, and the lack of effective media use assessment and patient education being done by primary care providers is associated with increased risk of language developmental delays for young children under 6-years-old. Purpose. The purpose of this integrative review is to develop a toolkit that provides education for providers and families on the adverse effects of excessive screen time on language development in children younger than 6-years-old and evidence-based screen time reduction strategies that can be implemented in outpatient primary care clinics at all wellness visits. Toolkit and Presentation. An integrative review was conducted to describe the effects of excessive screen time on language development for children under age 6 and analyze interventions to decrease screen time. From these results, the Screen Time Reduction Toolkit was created. The toolkit includes the 2-Question Assessment for Screen Time (2-QAST), screen time reduction algorithm, provider and patient education on health risks associated with excessive screen time, screen time recommendations published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and evidence-based screen time reduction strategies, provider resources, and patient education handouts. The integrative review findings and toolkit were presented to a group of local pediatric providers, nurses, and medical technicians for education and implementation. Outcomes/Discussion. The pre-presentation survey was created after the Health Belief Model (HBM), which served as the framework for this educational intervention. Staff members had high perceived seriousness (83%), perceived susceptibility (83%), and perceived benefit (100%), demonstrating that staff members’ attitudes and beliefs about screen time for young children were in agreement with the principles of this project. Barriers identified included lack of knowledge about health risks from excessive screen time, potential for parental resistance to screen time reduction advice, and time constraints during wellness visits. Regarding cues to action, staff members requested visual aids, handouts, and more education about screen time. The toolkit and patient education resources reduce barriers and address cues to action identified by the staff members. The post-presentation evaluation revealed that 100% of staff members found the toolkit presentation informative and said it increased their knowledge and understanding of the topic. Conclusion. The toolkit provides the education that providers need to be knowledgeable as well as confident in their ability to discuss screen time with families. Being consistent about providing a few minutes of screen time education at every wellness visit from 2-months-old to 5-years-old sets a solid foundation for parents and children to create healthier screen time habits at home

Seeing the City Digitally

This book explores what's happening to ways of seeing urban spaces in the contemporary moment, when so many of the technologies through which cities are visualised are digital. Cities have always been pictured, in many media and for many different purposes. This edited collection explores how that picturing is changing in an era of digital visual culture. Analogue visual technologies like film cameras were understood as creating some sort of a trace of the real city. Digital visual technologies, in contrast, harvest and process digital data to create images that are constantly refreshed, modified and circulated. Each of the chapters in this volume examines a different example of this processual visuality is reconfiguring the spatial and temporal organisation of urban life

Seeing the City Digitally

This book explores what's happening to ways of seeing urban spaces in the contemporary moment, when so many of the technologies through which cities are visualised are digital. Cities have always been pictured, in many media and for many different purposes. This edited collection explores how that picturing is changing in an era of digital visual culture. Analogue visual technologies like film cameras were understood as creating some sort of a trace of the real city. Digital visual technologies, in contrast, harvest and process digital data to create images that are constantly refreshed, modified and circulated. Each of the chapters in this volume examines a different example of this processual visuality is reconfiguring the spatial and temporal organisation of urban life

INVISIBLE LABOR FOR DATA: INSTITUTIONS, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND VIRTUAL SPACE

Americans are accustomed to a wide range of data collection in their lives: census, polls, surveys, user registrations, and disclosure forms. When logging onto the Internet, users’ actions are being tracked everywhere: clicking, typing, tapping, swiping, searching, and placing orders. All of this data is stored to create data-driven profiles of each user. Social network sites, furthermore, set the voluntarily sharing of personal data as the default mode of engagement. But people’s time and energy devoted to creating this massive amount of data, on paper and online, are taken for granted. Few people would consider their time and energy spent on data production as labor. Even if some people do acknowledge their labor for data, they believe it is accessory to the activities at hand. In the face of pervasive data collection and the rising time spent on screens, why do people keep ignoring their labor for data? How has labor for data been become invisible, as something that is disregarded by many users? What does invisible labor for data imply for everyday cultural practices in the United States? Invisible Labor for Data addresses these questions. I argue that three intertwined forces contribute to framing data production as being void of labor: data production institutions throughout history, the Internet’s technological infrastructure (especially with the implementation of algorithms), and the multiplication of virtual spaces. There is a common tendency in the framework of human interactions with computers to deprive data and bodies of their materiality. My Introduction and Chapter 1 offer theoretical interventions by reinstating embodied materiality and redefining labor for data as an ongoing process. The middle Chapters present case studies explaining how labor for data is pushed to the margin of the narratives about data production. I focus on a nationwide debate in the 1960s on whether the U.S. should build a databank, contemporary Big Data practices in the data broker and the Internet industries, and the group of people who are hired to produce data for other people’s avatars in the virtual games. I conclude with a discussion on how the new development of crowdsourcing projects may usher in the new chapter in exploiting invisible and discounted labor for data

Living Books: Experiments in the Posthumanities

Reimagining the scholarly book as living and collaborative—not as commodified and essentialized, but in all its dynamic materiality. In this book, Janneke Adema proposes that we reimagine the scholarly book as a living and collaborative project—not as linear, bound, and fixed, but as fluid, remixed, and liquid, a space for experimentation. She presents a series of cutting-edge experiments in arts and humanities book publishing, showcasing the radical new forms that book-based scholarly work might take in the digital age. Adema's proposed alternative futures for the scholarly book go beyond such print-based assumptions as fixity, stability, the single author, originality, and copyright, reaching instead for a dynamic and emergent materiality. Adema suggests ways to unbind the book, describing experiments in scholarly book publishing with new forms of anonymous collaborative authorship, radical open access publishing, and processual, living, and remixed publications, among other practices. She doesn't cast digital as the solution and print as the problem; the problem in scholarly publishing, she argues, is not print itself, but the way print has been commodified and essentialized. Adema explores alternative, more ethical models of authorship; constructs an alternative genealogy of openness; and examines opportunities for intervention in current cultures of knowledge production. Finally, asking why it is that we cut and bind our research together at all, she examines two book publishing projects that experiment with remix and reuse and try to rethink and reperform the book-apparatus by taking responsibility for the cuts they make

On a Mission to Scan: Visibility, Value(s), and Labor in Large-Scale Digitization

As an often overlooked piece of internet infrastructure, print media digitization at scale is pervasive yet elusive; its output is widely accessible but its transformative processes are largely invisible. Easy access to scanned media objects thus obscures important questions about the work required for their creation. Through two qualitative research projects on large-scale book digitization efforts—Google Books and FamilySearch Books—this dissertation investigates the labor of digitization. Using an interdisciplinary theoretical framework from science and technology studies and infrastructure studies, the research draws on the concepts of information labor and a feminist ethics of care to center and reframe digitization work. This approach animates the institutional and cultural values, labor, and information systems through which physical materials, digital conversion processes, and human workers cohere to produce large-scale digitization. The first project reconstructs the confluence of technical and cultural values and priorities that shaped the Google Books project through an analysis of project documentation and public statements. A new term, algorithmic digitization, describes Google’s commitment not only to scale and speed but to standardization, automation, and iterative improvement of scanned images. The relative inaccessibility of Google Books— a closed system with limited available documentation—serves as both context and jumping off point for the second project, which comprises the bulk of this dissertation research. The second project is an ethnography of FamilySearch Books, a book digitization project undertaken by the genealogy organization FamilySearch (the family history wing of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) and public library partners. The research layers three project perspectives: institutional participants, social and technical divisions of labor in digitization roles and tasks, and the ways that digitization workers make sense of their work. FamilySearch Books constructs scanning as “meaningful” work that “anyone” can do; in practice, this means that the particulars of how “anyone” has been constructed shape what tasks are visible as “work.” The visibility of religious service often obscures skilled work undertaken by professional librarians, even as this work is also service-oriented. This includes coordination and support work, maintenance and repair work, work to connect users to digitized output, work to manage the evolving relationship between print and digital resources, and work to care for resources, patrons, and colleagues. The findings suggest that different configurations of work in large-scale digitization shape ideas about building, maintaining, or devaluing infrastructure. Lofty rhetoric about the democratizing power of digital access to print content overshadows the contingency, fragility, or often the proprietary characteristics of the infrastructure required to create and/or maintain this access. The dissertation foregrounds the latter so as to consider implications for long-term access provision and digital knowledge infrastructure development. By illuminating the mediating role played by workers who transform information from one medium to another, this work contributes to an emerging research literature on data, digital, or Internet labor. By expanding the definition of digitization work to include more actors and integrating an ethics of care, this research informs ongoing debates over the future of both public libraries and public librarianship.PHDInformationUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153473/1/mechalms_1.pd

Video Vortex reader : responses to Youtube

The Video Vortex Reader is the first collection of critical texts to deal with the rapidly emerging world of online video – from its explosive rise in 2005 with YouTube, to its future as a significant form of personal media. After years of talk about digital convergence and crossmedia platforms we now witness the merger of the Internet and television at a pace no-one predicted. These contributions from scholars, artists and curators evolved from the first two Video Vortex conferences in Brussels and Amsterdam in 2007 which focused on responses to YouTube, and address key issues around independent production and distribution of online video content. What does this new distribution platform mean for artists and activists? What are the alternatives

BOBCATSSS 2016 : Information, Libraries, Democracy. Proceedings & Abstracts

Actes du congrès BOBCATSSS 2016 qui s\u27est déroulé à Lyon du 27 au 29 janvier 2016 sur le thème : Information, bibliothèques, démocratie