5 research outputs found

    SAS Macros for Calculation of Population Attributable Fraction in a Cohort Study Design

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    The population attributable fraction (PAF) is a useful measure for quantifying the impact of exposure to certain risk factors on a particular outcome at the population level. Recently, new model-based methods for the estimation of PAF and its confidence interval for different types of outcomes in a cohort study design have been proposed. In this paper, we introduce SAS macros implementing these methods and illustrate their application with a data example on the impact of different risk factors on type 2 diabetes incidence.

    Identification of KIF3A as a Novel Candidate Gene for Childhood Asthma Using RNA Expression and Population Allelic Frequencies Differences

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    Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease with a strong genetic predisposition. A major challenge for candidate gene association studies in asthma is the selection of biologically relevant genes.Using epithelial RNA expression arrays, HapMap allele frequency variation, and the literature, we identified six possible candidate susceptibility genes for childhood asthma including ADCY2, DNAH5, KIF3A, PDE4B, PLAU, SPRR2B. To evaluate these genes, we compared the genotypes of 194 predominantly tagging SNPs in 790 asthmatic, allergic and non-allergic children. We found that SNPs in all six genes were nominally associated with asthma (p<0.05) in our discovery cohort and in three independent cohorts at either the SNP or gene level (p<0.05). Further, we determined that our selection approach was superior to random selection of genes either differentially expressed in asthmatics compared to controls (p = 0.0049) or selected based on the literature alone (p = 0.0049), substantiating the validity of our gene selection approach. Importantly, we observed that 7 of 9 SNPs in the KIF3A gene more than doubled the odds of asthma (OR = 2.3, p<0.0001) and increased the odds of allergic disease (OR = 1.8, p<0.008). Our data indicate that KIF3A rs7737031 (T-allele) has an asthma population attributable risk of 18.5%. The association between KIF3A rs7737031 and asthma was validated in 3 independent populations, further substantiating the validity of our gene selection approach.Our study demonstrates that KIF3A, a member of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule associated motors that are important in the transport of protein complexes within cilia, is a novel candidate gene for childhood asthma. Polymorphisms in KIF3A may in part be responsible for poor mucus and/or allergen clearance from the airways. Furthermore, our study provides a promising framework for the identification and evaluation of novel candidate susceptibility genes

    Cleft Palate Craniofac J

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    Objective:Estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) for a set of recognized risk factors for orofacial clefts.Design:We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. For recognized risk factors for which data were available, we estimated crude population attributable fractions (cPAFs) to account for potential confounding, average-adjusted population attributable fractions (aaPAFs). We assessed 11 modifiable and 3 nonmodifiable parental/maternal risk factors. The aaPAF for individual risk factors and the total aaPAF for the set of risk factors were calculated using a method described by Eide and Geffler.Setting:Population-based case\u2013control study in 10 US states.Participants:Two thousand seven hundred seventy-nine cases with isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL\ub1P), 1310 cases with isolated cleft palate (CP), and 11 692 controls with estimated dates of delivery between October 1, 1997, and December 31, 2011.Main Outcome Measures:Crude population attributable fraction and aaPAF.Results:The proportion of CL\ub1P and CP cases attributable to the full set of examined risk factors was 50% and 43%, respectively. The modifiable factor with the largest aaPAF was smoking during the month before pregnancy or the first month of pregnancy (4.0% for CL\ub1P and 3.4% for CP). Among nonmodifiable factors, the factor with the largest aaPAF for CL\ub1P was male sex (27%) and for CP it was female sex (16%).Conclusions:Our results may inform research and prevention efforts. A large proportion of orofacial cleft risk is attributable to nonmodifiable factors; it is important to better understand the mechanisms involved for these factors.20182020-02-01T00:00:00ZCC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHS/United StatesU01 DD000494/DD/NCBDD CDC HHS/United States29727221PMC6309330717

    Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) in epidemiologic follow-up studies

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    Tieto kuolleisuuteen tai erilaisten sairauksien ilmaantumiseen vaikuttavien riskitekijöiden suhteellisesta merkityksestÀ vÀestötasolla on tÀrkeÀÀ muun muassa terveysvalistusta tai sairauksien ehkÀisyyn tarkoitettuja interventioita suunniteltaessa. RiskitekijÀn suhteellisen merkityksen arvioinnissa olennaista on paitsi se, miten voimakkaasti kyseinen tekijÀ vaikuttaa kuolleisuuteen tai sairastuvuuteen, myös se, miten yleinen kyseinen tekijÀ on vÀestössÀ. VÀestösyyosuus (Population Attributable Fraction, PAF) on tilastollinen tunnusluku, joka huomioi nÀmÀ molemmat nÀkökulmat ja jolla siis voidaan arvioida eri riskitekijöiden selittÀmÀÀ osuutta kuolleisuudesta tai sairastuvuudesta. VÀestösyysosuus kuvaa, miten suuri osuus tapahtumista voitaisiin vÀlttÀÀ, jos yksi tai useampi riskitekijÀ voitaisiin poistaa tai sen arvoja parantaa. MenetelmiÀ vÀestösyyosuuden arviointiin on tÀhÀn asti pÀÀasiassa kehitetty ja sovellettu epidemiologisista tutkimusasetelmista tapaus-verrokki- ja poikkileikkaustutkimuksissa. MenetelmiÀ vÀestösyyosuuden arviointiin kohorttitutkimuksissa, joissa seurataan tutkitun vÀestöryhmÀn kuolleisuutta tai sairastuvuutta tietyn ajan, on puolestaan ryhdytty kehittÀmÀÀn vasta viime vuosina. TÀssÀ vÀitöskirjatyössÀ kehitetÀÀn tilastollisia menetelmiÀ riskitekijöiden sekÀ kokonaiskuolleisuudesta ettÀ sairastuvuudesta selittÀmÀn vÀestösyyosuuden arviointiin kohorttitutkimuksissa, joissa huomioidaan nÀille tutkimuksille tyypillinen aikaulottuvuus sekÀ nÀihin erityyppisiin vastetapahtumiin liittyvÀt ominaisuudet. Riskitekijöiden selittÀmÀ vÀestösyyosuus mÀÀriteltiin osuudeksi kokonaiskuolleisuudesta tai sairastuvuudesta, joka voitaisiin vÀlttÀÀ tietyllÀ seuranta-aikavÀlillÀ, jos niiden riskitekijöitÀ kyettÀisiin muuttamaan. Kuolleisuuden ja sairauden ilmaantuvuuden oletettiin noudattavan parametrista suhteellisten hasardien mallia. Potentiaaliset riskitekijÀn ja tutkittavan tapahtuman vÀlistÀ yhteyttÀ sekoittavat tekijÀt vakioitiin ja potentiaaliset riskitekijÀn vaikutusta tutkittavan tapahtuman ilmaantumiseen muokkaavat tekijÀt huomioitiin mallituksessa. Riskitekijöiden kokonaiskuolleisuudesta selittÀmÀn vÀestösyyosuuden estimoinnissa huomioitiin seurannan pÀÀttymisestÀ johtuva havaintojen sensuroituminen, kun taas niiden selittÀmÀÀ vÀestösyyosuutta sairastuvuudesta estimoitaessa huomioitiin myös kuolleisuudesta johtuva sensuroituminen. TÀssÀ vÀitöskirjatyössÀ kehitettiin myös uusi, kuvattuihin tilastollisiin menetelmiin pohjautuva, yleiskÀyttöinen SAS-ohjelma sekÀ riskitekijöiden kokonaiskuolleisuudesta ettÀ sairastuvuudesta selittÀmÀn vÀestösyyosuuden estimointiin. Uutta tilastollista menetelmÀÀ ja ohjelmaa sovellettiin tyypin 2 diabeteksen elÀmÀntapaan liittyvien riskitekijöiden suhteellisen merkityksen arviointiin vÀestötasolla kyseisen sairauden aiheuttajina kahdessa suomalaista vÀestöÀ edustavassa aineistossa (Mini-Suomi -aineisto ja Terveys 2000 -aineisto). TÀmÀ sovellus toi lisÀÀ nÀyttöÀ painonhallinnan merkityksestÀ tyypin 2 diabeteksen tÀrkeimpÀnÀ ehkÀisykeinona. LisÀksi selvitettiin nÀiden riskitekijöiden mahdollisesti eri tyyppistÀ vaikutusta tyypin 2 diabetekseen matalan ja korkean riskin ryhmissÀ, jotka mÀÀriteltiin tyypin 2 diabeteksen esivaiheen, niin sanotun metabolisen oireyhtymÀn olemassaolon perusteella. TÀmÀ tutkimus tuotti uutta tietoa elintapatekijöiden muutosten ilmeisestÀ merkityksestÀ tyypin 2 diabeteksen ehkÀisyssÀ matalamman riskin ryhmissÀ. VÀestösyyosuus on hyödyllinen mittari, jolla voidaan tuottaa vÀestötasoista tietoa erilaisten tekijöiden vaikutuksesta kiinnostuksen kohteena oleviin tapahtumiin ja jolla on laajoja kÀyttömahdollisuuksia monilla eri tutkimusalueilla.Quantification of the impact of exposure to different risk factors on mortality or morbidity at the population level is a fundamental issue in epidemiologic research. Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) is a statistical concept that can be used to quantify this impact. PAF assesses the proportion of outcome that could be avoided if the current exposure distribution was replaced by a hypothetical, presumably preferable exposure distribution. So far, the methods for the estimation of PAF have mostly been developed for and applied in case-control and cross-sectional studies. The development of methods for the estimation of PAF from cohort studies, which properly take into account the time perspective, has started only recently. In the estimation of PAF for a certain follow-up time interval, the type of outcome (mortality vs. morbidity) of interest has not, however, been taken into account. In this study, the statistical methodology for the estimation of PAF in cohort studies will be extended to cover both the estimation of PAF for total mortality and disease incidence. The PAF for total mortality or disease incidence was defined as the proportion of mortality or disease incidence, respectively, that could be avoided during a follow-up time interval (0, t] if their risk factors were modified. A parametric proportional hazards model, with a piecewise constant baseline hazard function for death and disease occurrences, was assumed. Potential confounding factors were adjusted for and potential effect modifying factors accounted for in the model. The estimation of PAF and its asymptotic variance based on the delta method was demonstrated. The complementary logarithmic transformation in the calculation of the confidence interval of PAF was used. In the estimation of PAF for total mortality, censoring due to loss to follow-up was taken into account, whereas in the estimation of PAF for disease incidence censoring due to death was also considered. Furthermore, the meta-analysis techniques developed for pooling of relative risks were extended for the pooling of PAF estimates. In the data examples of this study, the PAF estimates for total mortality and disease incidence were demonstrated to decrease as the follow-up time increased. In the simulated data sets, taking censoring due to death into account in the estimation of PAF for disease incidence was shown to decrease the point estimates of PAF significantly in comparison to when censoring due to death was ignored. Ignoring censoring due to death increased the overestimation of PAF, especially when the impact of risk factors on mortality was strong and the follow-up time long. A new program for the estimation of PAF both for total mortality and disease incidence, implementing the new methods, was developed using SAS/IML language. This program was shown to be flexible and fast. An application of PAF to evaluate the relative importance of the risk factors of type 2 diabetes and the potential effect-modifying role of metabolic syndrome or its components in a meta-analysis of two representative Finnish cohorts was carried out using this program. As a result, the use of PAF provided further evidence of weight control being the primary diabetes prevention method. The pooling of the PAF estimates increased the power to detect associations in smaller subpopulations defined by the metabolic syndrome or its components, establishing new evidence on the importance of early lifestyle changes in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, it is essential to take time perspective into account in the estimation of PAF. Different estimators of PAF for a certain time interval, taking into account different sources of censoring, are needed, depending on the outcome of interest. PAF is a useful measure in cohort studies for providing population-level information on the effects of predictor modifications on the outcome in time and has wide applications in many different fields of research
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