Neoliberalismo, violência política e saúde mental no Peru (1990-2006)

Introducción: el presente artículo examina los factores que han ocasionado el precario estado de la salud mental en el Perú, donde casi el 90 % de pacientes con síntomas asociados con problemas mentales no reciben tratamiento. Desarrollo: se analiza el programa neoliberal de salud implementado durante el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000). Posteriormente, se estudia cómo esta política pública afectó al programa de salud mental y al estado de la salud de la población. Finalmente, se examinan diversos diagnósticos sobre la salud mental posterior al retorno a la democracia en el año 2000, desde una per- spectiva de los derechos humanos. Esta investigación finaliza el año 2006, momento en que el gobierno presentó un nuevo Plan Nacional de Salud Mental. Conclusiones: la falta de acceso a un tratamiento adecuado a nivel nacional ha sido consecuencia directa del reducido gasto del Estado en materia de sa- lud, en especial hacia las enfermedades no transmisibles y de salud mental. Las políticas neoliberales de salud implementadas durante el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori redujeron el rol del Estado como garante del acceso universal a los servicios de salud, y situaron a la salud mental en un lugar marginal dentro de la salud pública. El retorno a la democracia en el año 2000, el informe final de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (2003) y el llamado de organismos internacionales, Iglesias Católicas y Evangélicas, junto con ong, presionaron al gobierno para situar a la salud mental como parte importante de la agenda de pública de salud.Objective: This paper examines the elements that have caused the precarious state of mental health in Peru, where almost 90% of patients with symptoms associated with mental disorders do not receive treatment. Development: The article analyzes the neoliberal health program implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000). Subsequently, it studies how this public policy affected the mental health program and the health status of the population. Finally, it examines several diagnoses on mental health after the return of democracy in the year 2000 from a human rights perspective. This research ended in 2006 when the government presented a new National Mental Health Plan. Conclusions: The lack of access to adequate treatment at the national level has been a direct consequence of the reduced state expenditure on health, especially towards non-transmissible diseases and mental health. The neoliberal health policies implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori reduced the role of the State as guarantor of universal access to health services and placed mental health in a marginal place within public health. The return to democracy in 2000, the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2003), and the call of international organizations, Catholic and Evangelical Churches, together with ngos, pressed to the government to situate mental health as a relevant part of public health agenda

Neoliberalismo, violência política e saúde mental no Peru (1990-2006)

Introducción: el presente artículo examina los factores que han ocasionado el precario estado de la salud mental en el Perú, donde casi el 90 % de pacientes con síntomas asociados con problemas mentales no reciben tratamiento. Desarrollo: se analiza el programa neoliberal de salud implementado durante el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000). Posteriormente, se estudia cómo esta política pública afectó al programa de salud mental y al estado de la salud de la población. Finalmente, se examinan diversos diagnósticos sobre la salud mental posterior al retorno a la democracia en el año 2000, desde una perspectiva de los derechos humanos. Esta investigación finaliza el año 2006, momento en que el gobierno presentó un nuevo Plan Nacional de Salud Mental. Conclusiones: la falta de acceso a un tratamiento adecuado a nivel nacional ha sido consecuencia directa del reducido gasto del Estado en materia de salud, en especial hacia las enfermedades no transmisibles y de salud mental. Las políticas neoliberales de salud implementadas durante el gobierno de Alberto Fujimori redujeron el rol del Estado como garante del acceso universal a los servicios de salud, y situaron a la salud mental en un lugar marginal dentro de la salud pública. El retorno a la democracia en el año 2000, el informe final de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (2003) y el llamado de organismos internacionales, Iglesias Católicas y Evangélicas, junto con ong, presionaron al gobierno para situar a la salud mental como parte importante de la agenda de pública de salud.Objective: This paper examines the elements that have caused the precarious state of mental health in Peru, where almost 90 % of patients with symptoms associated with mental disorders do not receive treatment. Development: The article analyzes the neoliberal health program implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000). Subsequently, it studies how this public policy affected the mental health program and the health status of the population. Finally, it examines several diagnoses on mental health after the return of democracy in the year 2000 from a human rights perspective. This research ended in 2006 when the government presented a new National Mental Health Plan. Conclusions: The lack of access to adequate treatment at the national level has been a direct consequence of the reduced state expenditure on health, especially towards non-transmissible diseases and mental health. The neoliberal health policies implemented during the government of Alberto Fujimori reduced the role of the State as guarantor of universal access to health services and placed mental health in a marginal place within public health. The return to democracy in 2000, the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2003), and the call of international organizations, Catholic and Evangelical Churches, together with NGOS, pressed to the government to situate mental health as a relevant part of public health agenda.Objetivo: o presente artigo examina os fatores que têm ocasionado o precário estado da saúde mental no Peru, onde quase o 90 % de pacientes com sintomas associados com problemas mentais não recebem tratamento. Desenvolvimento: se analisa o programa neoliberal de saúde implementado durante o governo de Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000). Posteriormente estuda-se como esta política pública afetou ao programa de saúde mental e ao estado de saúde da população. Finalmente se examinam diversos diagnósticos sobre a saúde mental posterior ao retorno da democracia no ano 2000 desde uma perspectiva dos direitos humanos. Esta pesquisa finaliza no ano 2006, momento em que o governo apresentou um novo Plano Nacional de Saúde Mental. Conclusões: a falta de acesso a um tratamento adequado no nível nacional tem sido consequência direta do reduzido gasto do Estado em matéria de saúde, em especial para as doenças não transmissíveis e de saúde mental. As políticas neoliberais de saúde implementadas durante o governo de Alberto Fujimori reduziram o rol do Estado como garante do acesso universal aos serviços de saúde, e situaram à saúde mental em um lugar marginal dentro da saúde pública. O retorno à democracia no ano 2000, o informe final da Comissão da Verdade e Reconciliação (2003), e o chamado de organismos internacionais, Igrejas Católicas e Evangélicas, junto com ONGs pressionaram ao governo para situar à saúde mental como parte importante da agenda pública de saúde

La temática salud en los estudios sobre los currículos de educación física del Estado de São Paulo: Una revisión integrativa

The objective of this review was to perform an integrative review of the Brazilian literature on how health issues are included in the curriculum of physical education in the state of Sao Paulo. Data bases of LILACS, Digital library of thesis in Brazil were reviewed. We selected studies that included health issues divided into three categories; superficial description of the topic, ignored health issues and detailed description of health issues. We identified 439 sources including 24 studies. In eleven of them a superficial cover was detected, four covered the issues in depth and nine ignored the issue. Two studies were identified in the 1970-1989 and 1990-1999 periods. Just one of them centered in health topics. Authors who covered health issues superficially between 2000-2014 opposed to traditional curriculum. Those who covered in more detail health topics talk about the importance of including these concepts in the schools.El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una revisión integradora de la literatura brasileña para verificar cómo las cuestiones de salud son abordadas en los estudios sobre propuestas curriculares de educación física en el estado de São Paulo. Se revisaron las bases de datos (LILACS, Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones (BDTD)y Catálogo de Tesis y Disertaciones de Capes). Como criterio de selección los estudios se asignaron con base en los elementos de análisis (período del plan de estudios relacionado con la salud, concepción del plan de estudios sobre salud, contenidos sobre salud y coherencia entre concepción y contenido) divididos en tres categorías: 1. Descripción superficial del tema salud; 2. Temática salud ignorada y 3. Descripción detallada de la temática salud. Se identificaron 439 fuentes, luego de la selección, se realizó la revisión integrativa incluyendo 24 estudios. Se encontró que en 11 hablan superficialmente sobre la salud, en cuatro la tratan de forma específica y detallada y en nueve estudios ignoran la temática salud. En los periodos 1970-1989 y 1990-1999, sólo se identificaron dos estudios. De ellos, sólo uno se centró en detalle en los elementos de análisis identificados por nuestro estudio. De todos los autores que hablan superficialmente de salud o de PS entre 2000 y 2014, la oposición al currículo tradicional es clara. Para los autores que hablaron en detalle sobre la salud, es evidente la importancia de los contenidos identificados para la PS en las escuelas

Issues Regarding the Peruvian Maternal and Child Healthcare System

This paper highlights the deficiencies of the Peruvian Healthcare system. Despite the treaties and covenants the Peruvian government has signed, it has done little to mitigate the ills of its broken healthcare system. Peru’s current healthcare system is characterized by inequality between women, children, the poor and the wealthy. Furthermore, there is a lack of accessibility to maternal and child healthcare services that violates every individual’s right to health. The Peruvian government has been unresponsive towards the needs of women, children, and rural culture. Ineffective non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been incapable of alleviating Peru’s broken system. Additionally, Peru has not received adequate economic funds from globalization efforts despite the proven success of new programs, particularly the new cultural adaptations to healthcare services that have been implemented. The research performed in this study discovered a statistically significant negative relationship between the amount of Peruvian gross domestic product (GDP) invested in health and the nation’s infant mortality rate, proving the importance of government expenditure investment in the healthcare system. This finding proved that as the amount invested in health increased, the rate of infant mortality decreased. In order to increase the quality of healthcare received by Peruvians, especially women and children, it is necessary that more finances be invested into Peru’s healthcare system

Treatment and seroconversion in a cohort of children suffering from recent chronic Chagas infection in Yoro, Honduras

Between 1999-2002, Médécins Sans Frontières-Spain implemented a project seeking to determine the efficacy and safety of benznidazole in the treatment of recent chronic Chagas disease in a cohort of seropositive children in the Yoro Department, Honduras. A total of 24,471 children were screened for Trypanosoma cruzi IgG antibodies through conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) on filter paper. Recombinant ELISA (0.93% seroprevalence) showed 256 initially reactive cases, including 232 confirmed positive cases. Of these, 231 individuals were treated with benznidazole (7.5 mg/kg/day) for 60 days and were followed with a strict weekly medical control and follow-up protocol. At the end of the project, 229 patients were examined by the Honduras Secretariat of Health for post-treatment serological assessments; 88.2% seroconverted after 18 months and 93.9% seroconverted after three years. No differences were found in the seroconversion rates according to age or sex. Most of the side effects of the treatment were minor. These results support the argument that in areas where T. cruzi I is predominant and in areas affected by T. cruzi II, when vector transmission has been interrupted, Chagas disease diagnosis and treatment are feasible, necessary and ethically indisputable

A Comprehensive Analysis on the Healthcare Systems in Latin America

This comprehensive report summarizes and analyzes the current state of healthcare in Latin America, specifically in the countries of Mexico, Brazil, the Northern Triangle (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras), the Andean Region (Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia) and the Rioplatense Region (Uruguay, and Argentina). Each country's healthcare system is examined in depth, in terms of health infrastructure, the healthcare providing industry, and the effects of healthcare on the countries' respective populations.Mosser, Michael W.International Relations and Global Studie

Unintended Pregnancy And Induced Abortion In Mexico: Causes and Consequences

Examining the hidden and stigmatized practice of induced abortion is very hard to do. Throughout the Mexican Republic's 31 states, induced abortion is highly restricted. (The exception is the capital, the Federal District, which decriminalized first-trimester abortions in 2007.) This report presents estimates of induced abortion for 2009, by the country's 32 entidades federativas (or federative entities) and by the woman's age. The report also examines what causes women to resort to abortion in the first place -- unintended pregnancy

Labour repression and social justice in Franco’s Spain: the political objectives of compulsory sickness insurance, 1942-1957

[Abstract:]This article analyzes the basic characteristics of the labor and social policies of the Franco dictatorship established in Spain after the Civil War (1936-1939), and the links which existed between them. The offer of support to working families was presented through a paternalistic discourse of ‘social justice’ which was combined with tough repressive measures in the labor market. Within this context, compulsory social insurances pursued a political end, as they served to mitigate social tensions in a context of worker repression and harsh living conditions. Sickness insurance was a key element in this strategy, and it turned out to be very economical for the dictatorship, as the burden of financing the system was placed on employers and, above all, the workers themselves. This led to financial and management problems within a system providing imperfect coverage, with low benefits and serious inequalities in protection. Consequently, Spain moved away from other advanced countries which, at this time, were establishing their welfare states on the basis of two pillars: the universalization of benefits and the redistributive character of the system from a social point of view

Factores que contribuyen a las muertes maternas ocurridas en las unidades de salud de I y II nivel de atención en los distritos de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas en los años 2014 a 2016: reporte de series de casos

La mortalidad materna es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, por este motivo en el año 2000, la ONU propone dentro del Objetivo de Desarrollo del Milenio 5 (ODM-5), disminuir un 75% la mortalidad materna para el 2015. La OMS estima que a nivel mundial se ha disminuido en un 45% la mortalidad materna desde 1990 hasta el 2013. En la región de América Latina y el Caribe se logró disminuir en promedio un 40% la mortalidad materna, en el Ecuador se ha logrado una disminución del 44%. La disminución de la mortalidad materna perinatal es considerada como una prioridad nacional de salud pública y se manifiesta en las metas 3 y 4 propuestas en el objetivo del Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir. El “Modelo de las Tres Demoras”, adoptado por la OMS, permite identificar motivo(s), circunstancia(s) o causa(s) responsables del retraso en recibir atención adecuada, llevando a la muerte materna. Las demoras son: i) Demora en tomar la decisión de buscar ayuda; ii) Demora en llegar a la Institución de Atención; iii) Demora en recibir el tratamiento adecuado en la Institución de Salud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los factores que contribuyen en la tercera demora de las muertes maternas estudiadas en las unidades de salud de I y II nivel de atención en los Distritos de Salud de la provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas en los años 2014 a 2016. Para ello se ha utilizado la metodología de estudio de series de casos, que es un estudio de tipo observacional descriptivo y cualitativo. Los resultados más sobresalientes son: 17 muertes maternas (MM) en el período, con una razón de mortalidad materna (RMM) de 67.8 y 78.08 por 100 000 nacidos vivos (NV) en el 2014 y 2015, respectivamente; el 64.7% de los fallecimientos maternos ocurrió por una causa directa; 52.9% de los fallecimientos estuvieron relacionados con la tercera demora

Guide to the Sokol Blosser Winery Collection

The Sokol Blosser Winery was established more than 40 years ago as one of the earliest wineries in the Dundee Hills. Founders Susan Sokol Blosser and Bill Blosser first produced wine in the late 1970s. Susan Sokol Blosser became the president of the winery in 1991 and was among the pioneers in sustainable winemaking practices and also helped found the ¡Salud! health care program. The collection contains business and vineyard records as well as historical winery and family records