Pedicularis L. Genus. Systematics, botany, phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, ethnopharmacology, and other

In this review, the relevance of the plant species belonging to the Pedicularis L. genus has been considered from different points of view. Particular emphasis was given to phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology, since several classes of natural compounds have been reported within this genus and many of its species are well known to be employed in the traditional medicines of many Asian countries. Some important conclusions on the chemotaxonomic and chemosystematic aspects of the genus have also been provided for the first time. Actually, this work represents the first total comprehensive review on this genus

A REVIEW ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE GENUS PICRORHIZA (SCROPHULARIACE)

Picrorhiza (family Scrophulariace), commonly known as ‘kukti’ is a small perennial herb found in the Himalayan regions of China, Pakistan, India, Bhutan and Nepal at an altitude of 3000-5200 m. Different plant parts and its extract have traditionally been used as a remedy of various ailments such as fever, asthma, jaundice, anemia, abdominal pain, dysentery, cold, stomach problems. Picrorihza has been investigated for its chemical composition and biological activities by various researchers. The major chemical constituents found in this plant were iridoid glycosides, cucurbitacins (triterpenoids) glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides and phenolics. The Picrorihza has various pharmacological properties, including hepto-protective, antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, cardio-protective, anti-malarial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and neuroprotective and antioxidant activities. A thorough bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing worldwide scientific databases including Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Wiley online as well as offline sources. The Present review is aimed to provide an updated overview of traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of Picrorihza to explore its therapeutic potentials and to provide bases for future research

Phenylethanoid glycosides from Scutellaria galericulata

From the aerial parts of Scutellaria galericulata L., four phenylethanoid glycosides, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-(6-O-caffeoyl)-\beta -D-glucopyranoside (1), calceolarioside B (2), osmanthuside E (3) and martynoside (4), were isolated. The structure elucidations of the isolated compounds were performed by spectroscopic (UV, IR, ESI-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR) methods. Compounds 1-4 demonstrated scavenging properties toward the 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in TLC autographic assays

Development, validation, and application of HPLC method for quantification of antihyperuricemic compounds from Lippia nodiflora in rat plasma

AbstractAn HPLC method for simultaneous determination of arenarioside (1 ), verbascoside (2), 6-hydroxyluteolin (3), 6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-glycoside (4), and nodifloretin (5) from Lippia nodiflora in rat plasma was developed and validated. The optimal chromatographic separation was achieved with a gradient mobile phase comprising 0.1% aqueous acetic acid and acetonitrile. The limit of detection was 78.1 ng/mL for 3 and 39.1 ng/mL for the other compounds (signal-to-noise ratio=3), whereas the limit of quantification was 312.5 ng/mL for 3 and 156.3 ng/mL for the other compounds (signal-to-noise ratio=12). The recovery values of compounds 1–5 ranged from 89.37–100.92%. Their accuracy values were between 96.48 and 105.81%, while their corresponding precision values were in the range of 0.75–9.06% for both intraday and inter-day analysis. The method was then applied in the first pharmacokinetic study of 1–5. Following intravenous administration, 1–5 were eliminated slowly from the body with a mean clearance value of 0.11, 0.13, 0.30, 0.09, and 0.23 L/kg h, respectively. Meanwhile, their peak plasma concentration upon oral administration was 8.97, 1.07, 1.06, 0.65, and 0.38 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 3 (5.97%) exhibited the highest absolute oral bioavailability value, followed by 1 (5.22%), 4 (3.13%), 2 (2.10%), and 5 (0.93%)

Secondary metabolites of Phlomis viscosa and their biological activities

Further phytochemical studies on the aerial parts of Phlomis viscosa (Lamiaceae) led to the isolation of 24 compounds: 3 iridoid glycosides, 10 phenylethanoid glycosides, a megastigmane glycoside and a hydroquinone glycoside, as well as 2 lignan glucosides and 7 neolignan glucosides, 1 of which is new (17b). Compound 17b was obtained as a minor component of an inseparable mixture (2:1) of 2 neolignan glucosides (17a/b), and characterized as 3',4-O-dimethylcedrusin 9-O-b -glucopyranoside. Full NMR data of the known 8-O-4' neolignan glucoside, erythro-1-(4-O-b-glucopyranosyl-3-methoxyphenyl)- 2-{2-methoxyl-4-[1-(E)-propene-3-ol]-phenoxyl}-propane-1,3-diol (18) are also reported. All isolated compounds were screened for cell growth inhibition versus 3 tumor cell lines (MCF7, NCI-H460, and SF-268) and several phenylethanoid glycosides were found to possess weak antitumoral activity. The phenylethanoid glycosides were also evaluated for their free radical (DPPH) scavenging, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The free radical (DPPH) scavenging activities of verbascoside (4), isoacteoside (5), forsythoside B (10), myricoside (13) and samioside (14) were found to be comparable to that of dl-a -tocopherol. Compounds 4, 5, 10 and 14 (MIC: 500 m g/mL) as well as Leucosceptoside A (8) and 13 (MIC:1000 m g/mL) showed very weak activity against Gram (+) bacteria

Leucosceptosides A and B. Two phenyl-ethanoid glycosides with important occurrence and biological activities

In this review paper, the occurrence in the plant kingdom, the chemophenetic value and the biological activities associated with two specific phenyl-ethanoid glycosides, i.e., leucosceptoside A and leucosceptoside B, were reported. This is the first work ever conducted on such a subject. Analysis of the literature data clearly led to three important conclusions: leucosceptoside A is much more common in plants than leucosceptoside B; leucosceptoside A exerts more biological activities than leucosceptoside B even if nothing can be generally concluded about which one is actually the most potent; neither of these compounds can be used as a chemophenetic marker. These three aspects and more are discussed in more depth in this work

In-vitro antibacterial activity of Lantana trifolia flower extracts on bacterial isolates from wounds

This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of Lantana trifolia flower extracts against bacterial isolates from surgical and diabetic wounds of patients. Phytochemical investigation was done by standard procedure, antimicrobial screening by agar well diffusion method and antibiotics susceptibility of isolates by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test. Phytochemicals present include flavonoids, tannins, phenylethanoid glycosides, reducing sugars, terpenoids, saponins, anthraquinones alkaloids and steroids. Bacterial wound isolates were mainly gram +ve and include Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium sp., Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium sp. and Escherichia coli. Inhibition diameter was  concentration. The range of inhibition diameter was significantly (P<0.05) lower in the aqueous extract (15.2±1.5 to 35.5 ±0.9 mm) than the ethanolic (28.3± 3.4 to 49.1±8.9mm). Antibacterial activity occurred at very low concentrations (18.75mg/ml) for ethanolic extract only. The most L trifolia extract sensitive bacterial isolate was S. aureus (35.5±0.9mm and 49.1±8.9mm for aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively at 300mg/ml), while the least sensitive were Corynebacterium sp. (15.2±1.5mm) and Mycobacterium sp. (28.3±3.4) at 300mg/ml for aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration was lower for ethanolic extract, 18.75/ml to 37.5mg/ml than the aqueous extract (37.5 to 150mg/ml). The minimum bacterial concentration range from 37.5mg/ml to 150mg/ml for ethanolic extract and 75 to 300mg/ml for aqueous extract. S. aureus was the most antibiotic resistant strain (72%), while P. aeruginosa and Mycobacterium sp. were the least resistant (9.1%) strains. L. trifolia was more bacteriostatic than the most effective antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin, Rocephin, Nitrofurantoin, and deserves further investigation.Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Bacteriostatic activity, Lantana trifolia, Resistance, Wound

A new phenylethanoid triglycoside in Veronica beccabunga L

Jensen SR, Opitz S, Gotfredsen CH. A new phenylethanoid triglycoside in Veronica beccabunga L. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 2011;39(3):193-197.Besides the expected iridoid glucosides aucubin and catalpol as well as three known esters of the latter, Veronica beccabunga (brooklime) was shown to contain five carboxylated iridoid glucosides, namely gardoside, mussaenosidic acid, 8-epiloganic acid, arborescosidic acid and alpinoside. In addition to these compounds, the plant contained salidroside and a previously unknown caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside (CPG) which we have named chionoside J. The structure was elucidated mainly by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy to be 2 ''-(beta-glucopyranosyl)-plantamajoside. The distribution of plantamajoside and its derivatives as well as that of carbocyclic iridoids with an 8,9-double bond is briefly discussed, and it is noted that such compounds are mainly confined to the tribe Veroniceae of the Plantaginaceae. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved