Pemodelan Pencemaran Udara untuk Industri Kayu Lapis di Kabupaten Blitar

A research to model particulate emission was conducted in the plywood industry in Kendalrejo, Talun, Blitar Regency, East Java at an altitude of 273 masl. The industry already has an environmental pollution control unit, with an outlet through a chimney emitting an average emission of 0.14 g/s. The model simulation was carried out using AERMOD View software with data on wind direction and speed, solar radiation, temperature, clouds, and air pressure. The results show that the presence of the wood industry in Talun, Blitar Regency will have an impact on particulate emissions to areas in the east, southeast, west, and south, as the dominant wind direction. Dispersion modeling of particulate pollution with current conditions has resulted in dispersion with concentrations below the allowable limit in PP 22 of 2021. Modeling with several scenarios shows that the dispersion pattern can be maximized by increasing the chimney emission rate to 18 m/s, to minimize turbulence around the chimney and accelerate the reduction of particulate concentrations. Increasing the height of the chimney or increasing the diameter of the chimney will also affect the decrease in concentration in all directions so it becomes a recommendation that should be considered by the industry.Penelitian mengenai pemodelan pencemar partikulat dilakukan di sebuah industri kayu lapis di Kendalrejo, Talun, Kabupaten Blitar, Jawa Timur dengan ketinggian 273 mdpl. Industri ini telah memiliki unit pengendali pencemaran lingkungan, dengan outlet melalui sebuah cerobong yang mengeluarkan emisi rata-rata sebesar 0,14 g/s. Simulasi model dilakukan dengan software AERMOD View dengan data arah dan kecepatan angin, radiasi matahari, suhu, awan, dan tekanan udara. Hasil menunjukkan adanya industri kayu di Kendalrejo, Talun, Kabupaten Blitar akan memberi dampak emisi partikulat kepada daerah di timur, tenggara, barat, dan selatan, sebagaimana arah angin dominan. Pemodelan  dispersi pencemaran partikulat dengan kondisi saat ini sudah menghasilkan dispersi dengan konsentrasi di bawah batas yang diijinkan dalam PP 22 Tahun 2021. Pemodelan dengan beberapa skenario menunjukkan bahwa pola dispersi dapat dimaksimalkan dengan penambahan laju emisi cerobong menjadi 18 m/s, untuk meminimalkan turbulensi di sekitar cerobong dan mempercepat penurunan konsentrasi partikulat. Penambahan ketinggian cerobong ataupun penambahan diameter cerobong juga akan sangat berdampak kepada penurunan konsentrasi di semua arah, sehingga menjadi rekomendasi yang patut dipertimbangkan oleh industri

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF REFINERY EMISSIONS ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES

ABSTRACT This research studied the effects of refinery air pollution on house prices near Houston, Texas. The affected area was identified through AERMOD air modeling of past releases of sulfur dioxide, a proxy for respiratory risk. A total of 3,964 residential MLS sales from 2006-2011 were used to populate an OLS model, a spatial model, and a spatial model with an additional endogenous variable. Findings indicate that air pollution has a significant negative 6-8% loss on house prices. For one year, the negative effect is shown to generally diminish with distance up to about two miles from the refinery

Modeling of dust emission in dimension stone quarry

Dust dispersion is a subject that has a large amount of research activity. Most of these researches are focusing on the regions outside the mine or quarry. The dust dispersion model in this research is constructed for industrial purposes, specific for the dust drilling source with closely located receptor points in the quarry. The report has a focus on mining operations in a dimension stone quarry. This research consists of a literature study about dust behavior, an introduction to the dust dispersion models, regulations and air quality. The research goes more detailed into the mathematical concept of the Gaussian model for the dispersion modeling. Which is widely applied in dust dispersion models, for example AERMOD Breeze and ADMS. The research about the modeling the dust concentrations in a certain quarry. The quarry Taivassalo is located in the South-West of Finland. The main dust source is from a drilling machine. The observed data from the receptor points are used to compare the modelled results with the measured concentrations and to evaluate the performance of the chosen modeling program. The receptor points were located in the quarry with a distance of 5 m to 60 m from the main dust source. The research is to indicate the hourly average concentration of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns). The different case studies are chosen to provide scenarios with site specific emission rates. The impact of the different case studies is calculated at the receptor points in the quarry. The behavior of the predicted data is analyzed by performance modeling, sensitivity analyses and validation curves. This is done to assess the accuracy of the model with the observed data. The drilling emission factor was considered to investigate the observed and predicted PM10 concentration. The results showed that the case studies overpredicted the PM10 concentration for all the receptor points. A lower emission factor of the drilling source in the sensitivity analyses gives a better fit compared to the observed data. The sensitivity analyses and decay curve show a stabilization of dust concentration from receptor point of 20 meter onwards

Environmental impact of fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refining complex

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is of great importance in petroleum refining industries as it treats heavy fractions from various process units to produce light ends (valuable products). The FCC unit feedstock consists of heavy hydrocarbon with high sulphur contents and the catalyst in use is zeolite impregnated with rare earth metals i.e. lanthanum and cerium oxides. The catalytic cracking reaction is endothermic and takes place at elevated temperature in a fluidised bed reactor generating sulphur-contaminated coke on the catalyst. In the regenerator, coke is completely burnt producing SO2, particulate matter emissions. The impact of the FCC unit is assessed in the immediate neighborhood of the refinery. Emission inventories for years 2008 and 2009 for both SO2 and PM have been calculated based on real operational data. Comprehensive meteorological data for years 2005 – 2009 are obtained and preprocessed to generate planetary boundary layer parameters using Aermet (Aermod preprocessor). Aermod (US EPA approved dispersion model) is applied to predict ground level concentrations of both pollutants in the selected study area. Model output is validated with the corresponding measured values at discrete receptors. The highest hourly SO2 predicted concentrations for both years 2008 and 2009 exceeded the corresponding Kuwait EPA ambient air standard, mainly due to elevated emission rates and the prevailing calm and other meteorological conditions. The highest daily SO2 predicted concentrations also exceeded the Kuwait EPA allowable limit due to high emission rates, while meteorological parameters influence is dampened. Hourly average predicted PM concentrations showed similar variation into SO2 in different location. The daily average predicted PM concentrations are lower than US EPA specified limit. An extensive parametric study has been conducted using three scenarios, stack diameter, stack height and emission rates. It is noticed that stack diameter has no effect on ground level concentration, as stack exit velocity is a function of the square of stack diameter. With the increase in stack height, the predicted concentrations decrease showing an inverse relation. The influence of the emission rate is linearly related to the computed ground level concentrations SO2 additives are tested for SO2 emissions reduction. In the year 2008, reduction of SO2 annual total emission by 43% results in full compliance with Kuwait EPA hourly specified limit, using an appropriate amount of additives. Similarly, 57% reduction of SO2 annual total emission leads to no exceedance in predicted concentrations for the year 2009. The application of the state of the art technology, ESP has reduced about 90% of PM emissions for the year 2009

A Modelling Study of Road Traffic Contributions to Ambient PM2.5 Concentrations in Lagos

As the fastest growing city in Africa, Lagos experiences extremely high levels of air pollution. While there are many sources of air pollution in Lagos, road traffic has been widely reported as the most prominent. Due to a dearth of studies on modelling of pollutant dispersions from vehicular emissions, this study adapted the OSCAR System to model the contributions of road traffic to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 in the megacity. The model was evaluated by comparing its predicted PM2.5 concentrations with the observed concentrations in the study area. This comparison was carried out using a number of conventional statistical parameters: model bias, normalised mean square error, fractional bias, correlation coefficient (R) and factor of 2 analysis (F2). The evaluation showed aggregate R and F2 values of 0.66 and 0.80 respectively. This implies a good level of agreement between the measured and the predicted PM2.5 concentrations. For November 2018, the model predicted mean traffic increment of 28.1µg/m3 (37.2%) - 29.3 µg/m3 (38.2%) along the Mile 12 – Ikorodu road. However, the predicted increment around the Expressway (a busier road) was 36.5 µg/m3 (43.5%). The Ikorodu -Mile 12 road is a very important traffic corridor in the Lagos Metropolitan Area – being the pioneering route for the government’s Bus Rapid Transit scheme. A scenario analysis carried out in this study shows that under a fixed meteorological condition, traffic contributions (to ambient concentrations of PM2.5) would increase by a factor of 7 (from November 2010 to November 2018) near the Ikorodu road. Further, it reveals that cars are the highest emitters of PM2.5 along the Ikorodu road. Hence, the government’s “Non- Motorised Transport (NMT)” policy could enhance reduction of PM2.5 emission along the Ikorodu road

Estimating the dispersion of shipping emissions from Fremantle port, Western Australia

Fremantle Port is Western Australia's largest general cargo port and has experienced more than 10,660 ship visits since 2011. The burning of marine fuels, however, significantly affects air quality in nearby areas. As there are no air pollution monitoring stations in Fremantle, the impact of emissions from Fremantle port is largely unknown. There is one air pollution modelling study for Fremantle Port (Rolfe, 2016), which was carried out with AERMOD, a steady-state Gaussian plume dispersion model, known to have limitations in its applicability for use in coastal areas. As part of the Rolfe (2016) study, an hourly emissions inventory was created using publicly available data, but the sensitivity of AERMOD to key assumptions and parameters used in developing the inventory were not tested. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were to 1) repeat the study by Rolfe (2016) in order to carry out a sensitivity study on key assumptions and parameters used in the calculation of the emission inventory, and 2) compare the steady-state Gaussian plume model, AERMOD, versus a Lagrangian puff model, CALPUFF, which is more suitable for use in coastal regions. Results showed that, among the several parameters tested, AERMOD was highly sensitive to driving meteorology and ship stack height. Meteorology over water and shorter stack heights resulted in the highest concentrations. Regulatory exceedances of the 1 hour average for SO2 occurred for several simulations. CALPUFF concentrations were higher than AERMOD's for the maximum 1 hour averages and annual averages, but lower than AERMOD's for the maximum 24 hour averages. A caveat of this study is that the simulated concentrations could not be evaluated due to a lack of air pollution monitoring stations near Fremantle port. As AERMOD was highly sensitive to ships stack height, future air pollution modelling studies require actual ship stack height data in order to more accurately simulate concentrations

The effect of weather on speed reduction on a freeway and air pollutant dispersion pattern near the freeway

This paper examines the variations in traffic speed and the dispersion pattern of NOx produced from traffic in clear, rainy and snowy weather conditions. The data used for the analysis include weekday hourly traffic count of 193 days in 1998 on Gardiner Expressway, Toronto, Ontario, and the coincide 193 meteorology days. The ordered logistic regression model was used to identify the relationships between speed reduction and various factors. The EPA emission factor model and AERMOD were used to predict NOx concentrations using traffic volumes and meteorology data. Analysis of speed reduction shows precipitation, hour of day, snowy condition and seasons reduce speed. The predicted dispersion show NOx concentration was high in clear weather condition compared to adverse weather condition due to higher traffic volumes and higher emissions. However, in snowy weather condition, wind speed had more influence on NOx concentration than emission rat

Health and environmental impact assessment of landfill mining activities

The adoption of landfill mining (LFM) has the potential to reduce the negative environmental effects of landfills while also recovering critical and secondary raw materials, energy, and land space by a series of on-site mechanical operations. However, there is a fundamental lack of understanding of how these activities could impact the environment and human health during LFM mining operations through atmospheric transport of contaminants. Therefore, this research aims to bridge this gap and optimize the benefits of LFM activities by shedding light on the potential health and environmental impacts associated with these practices. A sampling programme was devised for an existing landfill site and recovered waste material characterised for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Almost 40 kg of municipal solid waste (MSW) was collected from 4 different wells (~10 kg each from wells 1901, 1904, 1906, and 1907) using a rotary drilling rig with depth ranging from surface of 7 - 8 metres. Samples were subjected to a wide array of laboratory analysis to meet the objectives for a risk assessment of LFM on human health and the environment. Characterisation results were used to derive pollution and health impact indices and other key indicators. Additionally, a method for computing the amount of dust, coupled with adoption of surface mining activities equations was proposed for each individual LFM activity. Subsequently, air dispersion modelling software (ADMS 5) was used to determine the potential air quality impact of LFM, with a focus on dust emissions as the main emission associated with landfill mining processes. Different scenarios were considered based on locally derived site meteorological data. Well-established statistical methods were used in the assessment to draw meaningful interpretation, identify parameter trends and support the research findings. Results of potentially toxic elements were assessed against regulatory soil guideline values (SGVs). The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn were above permissible limits set for soil in the UK. The Zn and Pb concentrations were found to be the highest in wells 1901 and 1904, respectively, compared to the SGVs. The concentrations also varied significantly among the four wells and decreased in the following order: Zn>Mn>Pb>Cu>Ba>Cr>Ni>As>Co>Cd. The pollution load index was >1, indicating that unacceptable pollution could arise. The study predicts that the landfill could pose a significant risk to human health due to LFM, with potential non-carcinogenic risks of Zn and Pb being higher than the levels set by the USEPA. Carcinogenic assessment suggests that Cr was the most prominent metal followed by As, which could cause human health impacts. Emission estimation results showed that point source activities are the major sources of emission, with cover removal loading activity being the highest as an individual activity. Air dispersion modelling results suggest that dust concentrations are most intense in low wind and maximum emission rate scenarios. Results also suggest that some dust concentration values were above the Air Quality Strategy for England PM10s limit, especially with the inclusion of background concentrations. Therefore, the risk to the human health and environment is potentially significant. Design and implementation of LFM processes must adequately consider environmental and health impacts to allow safe practices from an occupational health (protection of site workers), off-site human health and the surrounding environment

Modelling air pollution within a street canyon

A street canyon is a typical urban configuration with surrounding buildings along the street, where emissions from vehicles are normally released. Buildings are the artificial obstacles to the urban atmospheric flow and give rise to limited ventilation, especially for deep street canyons. This study implements a large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with a reduced chemical scheme (the LES-chemistry model) to investigate the processing, dispersion and transport of reactive pollutants in a deep street canyon. Spatial variation of reactive pollutants are significant due to the existence of unsteady multiple vortices and pollutant concentrations exhibit significant contrasts within each vortex. In practical applications of using one-box model, the hypothesis of a well-mixed deep street canyon is shown to be inappropriate. A simplified two-box model (vertically segregated) is developed and evaluated against the LES-chemistry model to represent key photochemical processes with timescales similar to and smaller than the turbulent mixing timescale. The two-box model provides the capability of efficiently running a series of emission scenarios under a set of meteorological conditions. In addition, a box model with grid-averaged emissions of street canyons is compared with a two-box model considering each street canyon independently (horizontally segregated) to evaluate uncertainties when grid-averaged emissions are adopted in a grid-based urban air quality model. This study could potentially support traffic management, urban planning strategies and personal exposure assessment

Health and environmental impact assessment of landfill mining activities

The adoption of landfill mining (LFM) has the potential to reduce the negative environmental effects of landfills while also recovering critical and secondary raw materials, energy, and land space by a series of on-site mechanical operations. However, there is a fundamental lack of understanding of how these activities could impact the environment and human health during LFM mining operations through atmospheric transport of contaminants. Therefore, this research aims to bridge this gap and optimize the benefits of LFM activities by shedding light on the potential health and environmental impacts associated with these practices. A sampling programme was devised for an existing landfill site and recovered waste material characterised for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Almost 40 kg of municipal solid waste (MSW) was collected from 4 different wells (~10 kg each from wells 1901, 1904, 1906, and 1907) using a rotary drilling rig with depth ranging from surface of 7 - 8 metres. Samples were subjected to a wide array of laboratory analysis to meet the objectives for a risk assessment of LFM on human health and the environment. Characterisation results were used to derive pollution and health impact indices and other key indicators. Additionally, a method for computing the amount of dust, coupled with adoption of surface mining activities equations was proposed for each individual LFM activity. Subsequently, air dispersion modelling software (ADMS 5) was used to determine the potential air quality impact of LFM, with a focus on dust emissions as the main emission associated with landfill mining processes. Different scenarios were considered based on locally derived site meteorological data. Well-established statistical methods were used in the assessment to draw meaningful interpretation, identify parameter trends and support the research findings. Results of potentially toxic elements were assessed against regulatory soil guideline values (SGVs). The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn were above permissible limits set for soil in the UK. The Zn and Pb concentrations were found to be the highest in wells 1901 and 1904, respectively, compared to the SGVs. The concentrations also varied significantly among the four wells and decreased in the following order: Zn>Mn>Pb>Cu>Ba>Cr>Ni>As>Co>Cd. The pollution load index was >1, indicating that unacceptable pollution could arise. The study predicts that the landfill could pose a significant risk to human health due to LFM, with potential non-carcinogenic risks of Zn and Pb being higher than the levels set by the USEPA. Carcinogenic assessment suggests that Cr was the most prominent metal followed by As, which could cause human health impacts. Emission estimation results showed that point source activities are the major sources of emission, with cover removal loading activity being the highest as an individual activity. Air dispersion modelling results suggest that dust concentrations are most intense in low wind and maximum emission rate scenarios. Results also suggest that some dust concentration values were above the Air Quality Strategy for England PM10s limit, especially with the inclusion of background concentrations. Therefore, the risk to the human health and environment is potentially significant. Design and implementation of LFM processes must adequately consider environmental and health impacts to allow safe practices from an occupational health (protection of site workers), off-site human health and the surrounding environment