Source Grid Interface of Wind Energy Systems

Wind power is one of the most developed and rapidly growing renewable energy sources. Through extensive literature review this thesis synthesizes the existing knowledge of wind energy systems to offer useful information to developers of such systems. Any prototyping should be preceded by theoretical analysis and computer simulations, foundations for which are provided here. The thesis is devoted to an in-depth analysis of wind energy generators, system configurations, power converters, control schemes and dynamic and steady state performance of practical wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Attention is mainly focused on interfacing squirrel cage Induction generators (SCIG) and doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) with the power network to capture optimal power, provide controllable active and reactive power and minimize network harmonics using the two-level converter, as a power electronic converter. Control of active and reactive power, frequency and voltage are indispensable for stability of the grid. This thesis focuses on two main control techniques, field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) for the SCIG. The dynamic model of induction generator is non-linear and hence for all types of control, the flux and the torque have to be decoupled for maintaining linearity between input and output for achieving high dynamic performance. FOC is used for decoupled control for rotor flux and electromagnetic torque . The stator current is decomposed into flux and torque producing components and they both are controlled independently. FOC uses three feedback control loops generate gating signals for the converter. DTC also achieves high dynamic performance by decoupling of rotor flux and electromagnetic torque without the intermediate current loops. DTC asks for the estimation of stator flux and torque and like FOC has 2 branches which have flux and torque comparators. The errors between the set and the estimated value are used to drive the inverters. The two methods are valid for both steady and transient state. Their validity is confirmed by simulating the systems on MATLAB/Simulink platform and comparing them the results obtained by hand calculations. Further DFIG’s are introduced. The dynamic model is developed using the machines equivalent circuit and is expressed in the stationary, rotor and the synchronous reference frames for evaluating the performance of the machine. The stator of the DFIG is directly interfaced to the grid and by controlling the rotor voltage by a two level back-to-back converter the grid synchronization and power control is maintained. The DTC and the direct power control (DPC) methods are used to control the rotor side (RSC) and the grid side converter (GSC). The RSC generates the 3-ph voltages of variable frequency in order to control the generator torque and the reactive power exchanged between the stator and the grid. The GSC exchanges active power with the grid injected by the RSC with a constant frequency. The steady and transient behavior of the machine is investigated through simulations

Dual Benefits of Adding Damper Bars in PMSMs for Electrified Vehicles: Improved Machine Dynamics and Simplified Integrated Charging

Recently, due to rising environmental concerns and predicted future shortages of fossil fuels, there is a movement towards electrification of the transportation industry. A vast majority of the current research uses permanent magnet synchronous machines as the main traction motor in the drivetrain. This work proposes to add a special damper to a conventional permanent magnet synchronous machine to further improve the suitability of this machine for electrified vehicles. Firstly, an equivalent circuit model is developed to simulate the operation of a conventional PMSM with a damper. A synchronous loading test is proposed to determine the synchronous reactance of the machine. A modified blocked rotor test is used to find the damper parameters assuming that the rotor cage construction is known. Also a single-phase AC test that can be used to determine the damper parameters without prior knowledge of the rotor construction is proposed and presented as an alternative to the blocked rotor test. Thereafter, the models of a 50 kW traction motor and the same machine with damper bars are developed and simulated. The performance of both machines are compared and evaluated. The damper parameters are selected based on the dynamic and steady state performances. It is also shown that the machine with a damper has faster response to a three-phase short circuit fault. In addition, this study also looks into integrated charging which utilizes the existing drivetrain components for vehicle to grid and grid to vehicle operation. The damper is shown to be effective in mitigating the saliency condition caused by the buried magnets of IPMSM at stand-still condition. As a result, the machine windings can be used as line inductors for integrated charging

Power Quality in Electrified Transportation Systems

"Power Quality in Electrified Transportation Systems" has covered interesting horizontal topics over diversified transportation technologies, ranging from railways to electric vehicles and ships. Although the attention is chiefly focused on typical railway issues such as harmonics, resonances and reactive power flow compensation, the integration of electric vehicles plays a significant role. The book is completed by some additional significant contributions, focusing on the interpretation of Power Quality phenomena propagation in railways using the fundamentals of electromagnetic theory and on electric ships in the light of the latest standardization efforts

Advanced wind energy convertors using electronic power conversion.

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN013000 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Fault tolerant behavior of advanced control schemes of induction machine drives

Power electronics based variable-speed drives offer energy saving solutions, providing precise control and quick response time. They are required for sensitive process control in industrial applications and other emerging technologies such as electric vehicles. This thesis examines two popular advanced control schemes of variable-speed induction machine drive applications. The two advanced control schemes, Indirect Field oriented control (IFOC) and Direct torque control (DTC), are compared by examining their implementation complexity, parameter sensitivity, dynamic responses, steady state performance and, most importantly, under power line fault scenarios. MATLAB-Simulink package is used to develop system models for both control schemes. System studies are done under normal and abnormal operating conditions. In the end, conclusions are drawn based on their behavior and comparison of performance characteristics under dynamic and AC fault (single-line to ground, phase to phase and triple-line to ground) conditions, highlighting the fault tolerant characteristics of the two drive schemes

Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems

The Special Issue "Industrial and Technological Applications of Power Electronics Systems" focuses on: - new strategies of control for electric machines, including sensorless control and fault diagnosis; - existing and emerging industrial applications of GaN and SiC-based converters; - modern methods for electromagnetic compatibility. The book covers topics such as control systems, fault diagnosis, converters, inverters, and electromagnetic interference in power electronics systems. The Special Issue includes 19 scientific papers by industry experts and worldwide professors in the area of electrical engineering

Application of modern control techniques in AC speed drive system.

In the past, Direct Current (dc) machines have been commonly favoured in areas where a precise variable speed operation is highly required. This is due to the feasible linear control of flux and torque, which is accomplished by simply varying the field and armature currents. However, they are bulky, expensive and require periodic maintenance due to the existence of commutators and brushes. Alternating Current (ac) machines particularly the squirrel cage induction type have emerged as an alternative to those of dc machines in the application of speed drive systems. In general, however, they do require more complex control schemes than the dc motors, because of their highly non-linear dynamic structure with strong dynamic interactions. This situation has changed dramatically over the last few years with the advent of fast switching power converters along with high performance micro-controllers, which made a significant contribution to performance enhancement of modem speed drive systems. In addition, various control techniques have made possible the application of induction motors in high performance speed drive operations where traditionally only dc motors were previously available. On the other hand, in many speed drive applications which incorporate either scalar or vector control, the prime objective of the speed controller is the capability of achieving a good speed tracking performance and without sensitivity to parameters and operating condition changes. For these reasons, comprehensive investigation of state-of-the-art modem control schemes, which include fuzzy logic and sliding mode control are discussed. The main principles underlying fuzzy logic and sliding mode control schemes along with their basic theory and general mathematical representation are reviewed. In addition, the application of fuzzy logic concepts to reduce the chattering phenomenon typically inherited in the sliding mode control is successfully presented, which results in a new integrated fuzzy sliding mode control algorithms. Through extensive simulation studies, it is found that the fuzzy logic control scheme attained a good transient performance for the speed drive system in comparison to the conventional sliding mode control and the new integrated fuzzy sliding mode control. Furthermore, the design simplicity of the fuzzy logic control system has made it virtually attractive for the ease of practical implementation of the proposed drive system. Extensive practical testes of the proposed variable speed drive system have been carried out to verify the validity of the simulation analysis of the proposed fuzzy logic control system. Several tests are conducted in order to bring out the effectiveness of the designed control system upon step change in speed command and impact load disturbances. The digital implementation of the proposed fuzzy logic control algorithms is realised on a single chip, Intel 80C196KC 16-bit embedded microcontroller, a low cost derivative of the MCS-96 architecture. The main contribution of this thesis is the novel approach to design a sliding mode control system using concepts from fuzzy logic algorithms to alleviate the chattering problems and improve the dynamics of the induction motor drive