Cross-layer modeling and optimization of next-generation internet networks

Scaling traditional telecommunication networks so that they are able to cope with the volume of future traffic demands and the stringent European Commission (EC) regulations on emissions would entail unaffordable investments. For this very reason, the design of an innovative ultra-high bandwidth power-efficient network architecture is nowadays a bold topic within the research community. So far, the independent evolution of network layers has resulted in isolated, and hence, far-from-optimal contributions, which have eventually led to the issues today's networks are facing such as inefficient energy strategy, limited network scalability and flexibility, reduced network manageability and increased overall network and customer services costs. Consequently, there is currently large consensus among network operators and the research community that cross-layer interaction and coordination is fundamental for the proper architectural design of next-generation Internet networks. This thesis actively contributes to the this goal by addressing the modeling, optimization and performance analysis of a set of potential technologies to be deployed in future cross-layer network architectures. By applying a transversal design approach (i.e., joint consideration of several network layers), we aim for achieving the maximization of the integration of the different network layers involved in each specific problem. To this end, Part I provides a comprehensive evaluation of optical transport networks (OTNs) based on layer 2 (L2) sub-wavelength switching (SWS) technologies, also taking into consideration the impact of physical layer impairments (PLIs) (L0 phenomena). Indeed, the recent and relevant advances in optical technologies have dramatically increased the impact that PLIs have on the optical signal quality, particularly in the context of SWS networks. Then, in Part II of the thesis, we present a set of case studies where it is shown that the application of operations research (OR) methodologies in the desing/planning stage of future cross-layer Internet network architectures leads to the successful joint optimization of key network performance indicators (KPIs) such as cost (i.e., CAPEX/OPEX), resources usage and energy consumption. OR can definitely play an important role by allowing network designers/architects to obtain good near-optimal solutions to real-sized problems within practical running times

Survivability aspects of future optical backbone networks

In huidige glasvezelnetwerken kan een enkele vezel een gigantische hoeveelheid data dragen, ruwweg het equivalent van 25 miljoen gelijktijdige telefoongesprekken. Hierdoor zullen netwerkstoringen, zoals breuken van een glasvezelkabel, de communicatie van een groot aantal eindgebruikers verstoren. Netwerkoperatoren kiezen er dan ook voor om hun netwerk zo te bouwen dat zulke grote storingen automatisch opgevangen worden. Dit proefschrift spitst zich toe op twee aspecten rond de overleefbaarheid in toekomstige optische netwerken. De eerste doelstelling die beoogd wordt is het tot stand brengen vanrobuuste dataverbindingen over meerdere netwerken. Door voldoende betrouwbare verbindingen tot stand te brengen over een infrastructuur die niet door een enkele entiteit wordt beheerd kan men bv. weredwijd Internettelevisie van hoge kwaliteit aanbieden. De bestudeerde oplossing heeft niet enkel tot doel om deze zeer betrouwbare verbinding te berekenen, maar ook om dit te bewerkstelligen met een minimum aan gebruikte netwerkcapaciteit. De tweede doelstelling was om een antwoord te formuleren om de vraag hoe het toepassen van optische schakelsystemen gebaseerd op herconfigureerbare optische multiplexers een impact heeft op de overleefbaarheid van een optisch netwerk. Bij lagere volumes hebben optisch geschakelde netwerken weinig voordeel van dergelijke gesofistikeerde methoden. Elektronisch geschakelde netwerken vertonen geen afhankelijkheid van het datavolume en hebben altijd baat bij optimalisatie

Off-line and in-operation optical core networks planning

The ever increasing IP traffic volume has finally brought to light the high inefficiency of current wavelength-routed over rigid-grid optical networks in matching the client layer requirements. Such an issue results in the deployment of large-size, expensive and power-consuming Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) layers to perform the required grooming/aggregation functionality. To deal with this problem, the emerging flexgrid technology, allowing for reduced size frequency grids, is being standardized. Flexgrid optical networks divide the spectrum into frequency slots providing finer granularity than rigid networks based on Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). To find a feasible allocation, new Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) algorithms for flexgrid optical networks need to be designed and evaluated. Furthermore, due to the flexibility of flexible optical networks, the aggregation functions and statistical multiplexing can be partially located in the optical layer. In addition, given the special characteristics of flexible optical networks, the traditional mechanisms for protection and recovery must be reformulated. Optical transport platforms are designed to facilitate the setting up and tearing down of optical connections (lightpaths). Combining remotely configurable optical cross-connects (OXCs) with a control plane provides the capability of automated lightpath set-up for regular provisioning, and real-time reaction to the failures, being thus able to reduce Operational Expenditures (OPEX). However, to exploit existing capacity, increase dynamicity, and provide automation in future networks, current management architectures, utilizing legacy Network Management Systems (NMS) need to be radically transformed. This thesis is devoted to design optical networks and to devise algorithms to operate them. Network design objective consists of: i. Analyzing the cost implications that a set of frequency slot widths have on the Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) investments required to deploy MPLS-over-flexgrid networks; ii. Studying recovery schemes, where a new recovery scheme specifically designed for flexgrid-based optical networks is proposed. As for network operation, we focus on: i. Studying provisioning, where two provisioning algorithms are proposed: the first one targets at solving the RSA problem in flexgrid networks, whereas the second one studies provisioning considering optical impairments in translucent DWDM networks; ii. Getting back to the recovery problem, we focus on algorithms to cope with restoration in dynamic scenarios. Several algorithms are proposed for both single layer and multilayer networks to be deployed in the centralized Path Computation Element (PCE); iii. One of the main problems in flexgrid networks is spectrum defragmentation. In view of that, we propose an algorithm to reallocate already established optical connections so as to make room for incoming requests. This algorithm is extended with elasticity to deal with time-varying traffic. The above algorithms are firstly implemented and validated by using simulation, and finally experimentally assessed in real test-beds. In view of PCE architectures do not facilitate network reconfiguration, we propose a control and management architecture to allow the network to be dynamically operated; network resources can be made available by reconfiguring and/or re-optimizing the network on demand and in real-time. We call that as in-operation network planning. It shall be mentioned that part of the work reported in this thesis has been done within the framework of several European and National projects, namely STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-ICT-2011-8), and GEANT (FP7-238875) funded by the European Commission, and ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) and ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) funded by the Spanish Science Ministry.El volumen creciente del tráfico IP, finalmente, ha puesto de manifiesto la alta ineficiencia de las redes ópticas actuales de grid rígido basadas en WDM en la adecuación a los requisitos de capa de cliente. Dicho problema genera que se deba desplegar una red con capas MPLS de gran tamaño, costosa y de alto consumo energético para poder realizar la funcionalidad de agregación requerida. Para hacer frente a este problema, la tecnología flexgrid emergente, que permite grids con frecuencias de menor tamaño, está siendo estandarizada. Las redes ópticas flexgrid dividen el espectro en slots de frecuencia, lo que proporciona una granularidad más fina en comparación a las redes rígidas basadas en WDM. Para encontrar una asignación factible, nuevos algoritmos de enrutamiento y asignación de espectro (RSA) para redes ópticas flexgrid deben ser diseñados y evaluados. Además, debido a la flexibilidad de las redes ópticas flexibles, las funciones de agregación y de multiplexación estadística pueden ser parcialmente situadas en la capa óptica. Asimismo, dadas las características especiales de las redes ópticas flexibles, los mecanismos tradicionales de protección y recuperación deben reformularse. Las plataformas de transporte ópticas están diseñadas para facilitar la creación y destrucción de conexiones ópticas. La combinación de OXCs configurables remotamente con un plano de control, proporciona la capacidad de crear conexiones automáticamente para el aprovisionamiento habitual, y la reacción en tiempo real a los fallos, para así poder reducir el OPEX. Sin embargo, para aprovechar la capacidad existente, aumentar la dinamicidad y proporcionar automatización a las redes del futuro, las arquitecturas actuales de gestión, que utilizan sistemas legados de NMS, necesitan ser transformadas de manera radical. Esta tesis está dedicada al diseño de redes ópticas y a la creación de algoritmos para operarlas. El objetivo de diseño de red se compone de: 1. El análisis de las implicancias en el costo que tiene un conjunto de slots de frecuencia en el CAPEX necesario para implementar redes MPLS-over-flexgrid; 2. El estudio de esquemas de recuperación, donde se propone un nuevo esquema de recuperación diseñado específicamente para las redes ópticas basadas en flexgrid. En cuanto a la operación de la red: 1. El estudio de aprovisionamiento, donde se proponen dos algoritmos de aprovisionamiento: el primero de ellos tiene como objetivo solucionar el problema de RSA en redes flexgrid, mientras que el segundo estudia aprovisionamiento considerando la degradación óptica en redes WDM translúcidas; 2. Volviendo al problema de la recuperación, nos centramos en algoritmos de restauración para escenarios dinámicos. Se proponen varios algoritmos, tanto para redes mono-capa como multi-capa, que serán desplegados en un PCE centralizado; 3. Uno de los principales problemas en las redes flexgrid es la desfragmentación del espectro. Para ello, se propone un algoritmo para reasignar las conexiones ópticas ya establecidas con el fin de hacer espacio a las entrantes. Este algoritmo se extiende con elasticidad para ser utilizado en escenarios con tráfico variable en el tiempo. Los algoritmos anteriores son primero implementados y validados utilizando simulación, y finalmente son evaluados experimentalmente en testbeds reales. En vista de que las arquitecturas de PCE no facilitan la reconfiguración de la red, proponemos una arquitectura de control y gestión para permitir que la red pueda ser operada de forma dinámica; hacer que los recursos de la red estén disponibles mediante reconfiguración y/o re-optimización de la red bajo demanda y en tiempo real. A eso lo llamamos planificación en operación de la red. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se ha realizado en el marco de proyectos europeos y nacionales: STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-2011-8), y GEANT (FP7-238875) financiados por la CE, y ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) y ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) financiados por el MINEC

Control plane routing in photonic networks

The work described in the thesis investigates the features of control plane functionality for routing wavelength paths to serve a set of sub-wavelength demands. The work takes account of routing problems only found in physical network layers, notably analogue transmission impairments. Much work exists on routing connections for dynamic Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks (WRON) and to demonstrate their advantages over static photonic networks. However, the question of how agile the WRON should be has not been addressed quantitatively. A categorization of switching speeds is extended, and compared with the reasons for requiring network agility. The increase of effective network capacity achieved with increased agility is quantified through new simulations. It is demonstrated that this benefit only occurs within a certain window of network fill; achievement of significant gain from a more-agile network may be prevented by the operator’s chosen tolerable blocking probability. The Wavelength Path Sharing (WPS) scheme uses semi-static wavelengths to form unidirectional photonic shared buses, reducing the need for photonic agility. Making WPS more practical, novel improved routing algorithms are proposed and evaluated for both execution time and performance, offering significant benefit in speed at modest cost in efficiency. Photonic viability is the question of whether a path that the control plane can configure will work with an acceptable bit error rate (BER) despite the physical transmission impairments encountered. It is shown that, although there is no single approach that is simple, quick to execute and generally applicable at this time, under stated conditions approximations may be made to achieve a general solution that will be fast enough to enable some applications of agility. The presented algorithms, analysis of optimal network agility and viability assessment approaches can be applied in the analysis and design of future photonic control planes and network architectures

Management of Spectral Resources in Elastic Optical Networks

Recent developments in the area of mobile technologies, data center networks, cloud computing and social networks have triggered the growth of a wide range of network applications. The data rate of these applications also vary from a few megabits per second (Mbps) to several Gigabits per second (Gbps), thereby increasing the burden on the Inter- net. To support this growth in Internet data traffic, one foremost solution is to utilize the advancements in optical networks. With technology such as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, bandwidth upto 100 Gbps can be exploited from the optical fiber in an energy efficient manner. However, WDM networks are not efficient when the traffic demands vary frequently. Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) or Spectrum Sliced Elastic Optical Path Networks (SLICE) or Flex-Grid has been recently proposed as a long-term solution to handle the ever-increasing data traffic and the diverse demand range. EONs provide abundant bandwidth by managing the spectrum resources as fine-granular orthogonal sub-carriers that makes it suitable to accommodate varying traffic demands. However, the Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) algorithm in EONs has to follow additional constraints while allocating sub-carriers to demands. These constraints increase the complexity of RSA in EONs and also, make EONs prone to the fragmentation of spectral resources, thereby decreasing the spectral efficiency. The major objective of this dissertation is to study the problem of spectrum allocation in EONs under various network conditions. With this objective, this dissertation presents the author\u27s study and research on multiple aspects of spectrum allocation in EONs: how to allocate sub-carriers to the traffic demands, how to accommodate traffic demands that varies with time, how to minimize the fragmentation of spectral resources and how to efficiently integrate the predictability of user demands for spectrum assignment. Another important contribution of this dissertation is the application of EONs as one of the substrate technologies for network virtualization

Architectures and protocols for sub-wavelength optical networks: contributions to connectionless and connection-oriented data transport

La ràpida evolució d’Internet i l’àmplia gamma de noves aplicacions (per exemple, multimèdia, videoconferència, jocs en línia, etc.) ha fomentat canvis revolucionaris en la manera com ens comuniquem. A més, algunes d’aquestes aplicacions demanden grans quantitats de recursos d’ample de banda amb diversos requeriments de qualitat de servei (QoS). El desenvolupament de la multiplexació per divisió de longitud d’ona (WDM) en els anys noranta va fer molt rendible la disponibilitat d’ample de banda. Avui dia, les tecnologies de commutació òptica de circuits són predominants en el nucli de la xarxa, les quals permeten la configuració de canals (lightpaths) a través de la xarxa. No obstant això, la granularitat d’aquests canals ocupa tota la longitud d’ona, el que fa que siguin ineficients per a proveir canals de menor ample de banda (sub-longitud d’ona). Segons la comunitat científica, és necessari augmentar la transparència dels protocols, així com millorar l’aprovisionament d’ample de banda de forma dinàmica. Per tal de fer això realitat, és necessari desenvolupar noves arquitectures. La commutació òptica de ràfegues i de paquets (OBS/OPS), són dues de les tecnologies proposades. Aquesta tesi contribueix amb tres arquitectures de xarxa destinades a millorar el transport de dades sub-longitud d’ona. En primer lloc, aprofundim en la naturalesa sense connexió en OBS. En aquest cas, la xarxa incrementa el seu dinamisme a causa de les transmissions a ràfega. A més, les col·lisions entre ràfegues degraden el rendiment de la xarxa fins i tot a càrregues molt baixes. Per fer front a aquestes col·lisions, es proposa un esquema de resolució de col·lisions pro actiu basat en un algorisme d’encaminament i assignació de longitud d’ona (RWA) que balanceja de forma automàtica i distribuïda la càrrega en la xarxa. En aquest protocol, el RWA i la transmissió de ràfegues es basen en l’explotació i exploració de regles de commutació que incorporen informació sobre contencions i encaminament. Per donar suport a aquesta arquitectura, s’utilitzen dos tipus de paquets de control per a l’encaminament de les ràfegues i l’actualització de les regles de commutació, respectivament. Per analitzar els beneficis del nou algorisme, s’utilitzen quatre topologies de xarxa diferents. Els resultats indiquen que el mètode proposat millora en diferents marges la resta d’algorismes RWA en funció de la topologia i sense penalitzar altres paràmetres com el retard extrem a extrem. La segona contribució proposa una arquitectura híbrida sense i orientada a connexió sobre la base d’un protocol de control d’accés al medi (MAC) per a xarxes OBS (DAOBS). El MAC ofereix dos mètodes d’accés: arbitratge de cua (QA) per a la transmissió de ràfegues sense connexió, i pre-arbitratge (PA) per serveis TDM orientats a connexió. Aquesta arquitectura permet una àmplia gamma d’aplicacions sensibles al retard i al bloqueig. Els resultats avaluats a través de simulacions mostren que en l’accés QA, les ràfegues de més alta prioritat tenen garantides zero pèrdues i latències d’accés molt baixes. Pel que fa a l’accés PA, es reporta que la duplicació de la càrrega TDM augmenta en més d’un ordre la probabilitat de bloqueig, però sense afectar en la mateixa mesura les ràfegues sense connexió. En aquest capítol també es tracten dos dels problemes relacionats amb l’arquitectura DAOBS i el seu funcionament. En primer lloc, es proposa un model matemàtic per aproximar el retard d’accés inferior i superior com a conseqüència de l’accés QA. En segon lloc, es formula matemàticament la generació i optimització de les topologies virtuals que suporten el protocol per a l’escenari amb tràfic estàtic. Finalment, l’última contribució explora els beneficis d’una arquitectura de xarxa òptica per temps compartit (TSON) basada en elements de càlcul de camins (PCE) centralitzats per tal d’evitar col·lisions en la xarxa. Aquesta arquitectura permet garantir l’aprovisionament orientat a connexió de canals sub-longitud d’ona. En aquest capítol proposem i simulem tres arquitectures GMPLS/PCE/TSON. A causa del enfocament centralitzat, el rendiment de la xarxa depèn en gran mesura de l’assignació i aprovisionament de les connexions. Amb aquesta finalitat, es proposen diferents algorismes d’assignació de ranures temporals i es comparen amb les corresponents formulacions de programació lineal (ILP) per al cas estàtic. Per al cas de tràfic dinàmic, proposem i avaluem mitjançant simulació diferents heurístiques. Els resultats mostren els beneficis de proporcionar flexibilitat en els dominis temporal i freqüencial a l’hora d’assignar les ranures temporals.The rapid evolving Internet and the broad range of new data applications (e.g., multimedia, video-conference, online gaming, etc.) is fostering revolutionary changes in the way we communicate. In addition, some of these applications demand for unprecedented amounts of bandwidth resources with diverse quality of service (QoS). The development of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the 90's made very cost-effective the availability of bandwidth. Nowadays, optical circuit switching technologies are predominant in the core enabling the set up of lightpaths across the network. However, full-wavelength lightpath granularity is too coarse, which results to be inefficient for provisioning sub-wavelength channels. As remarked by the research community, an open issue in optical networking is increasing the protocol transparency as well as provisioning true dynamic bandwidth allocation at the network level. To this end, new architectures are required. Optical burst/packet switching (OBS/OPS) are two such proposed technologies under investigation. This thesis contributes with three network architectures which aim at improving the sub-wavelength data transport from different perspectives. First, we gain insight into the connectionless nature of OBS. Here, the network dynamics are increased due to the short-lived burst transmissions. Moreover, burst contentions degrade the performance even at very low loads. To cope with them, we propose a proactive resolution scheme by means of a distributed auto load-balancing routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm for wavelength-continuity constraint networks. In this protocol, the RWA and burst forwarding is based on the exploitation and exploration of switching rule concentration values that incorporate contention and forwarding desirability information. To support such architecture, forward and backward control packets are used in the burst forwarding and updating rules, respectively. In order to analyze the benefits of the new algorithm, four different network topologies are used. Results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the rest of tested RWA algorithms at various margins depending on the topology without penalizing other parameters such as end-to-end delay. The second contribution proposes a hybrid connectionless and connection-oriented architecture based on a medium access control (MAC) protocol for OBS networks (DAOBS). The MAC provides two main access mechanisms: queue arbitrated (QA) for connectionless bursts and pre-arbitrated (PA) for TDM connection-oriented services. Such an architecture allows for a broad range of delay-sensitive applications or guaranteed services. Results evaluated through simulations show that in the QA access mode highest priority bursts are guaranteed zero losses and very low access latencies. Regarding the PA mode, we report that doubling the offered TDM traffic load increases in more than one order their connection blocking, slightly affecting the blocking of other connectionless bursts. In this chapter, we also tackle two of the issues related with the DAOBS architecture and its operation. Firstly, we model mathematically the lower and upper approximations of the access delay as a consequence of the connectionless queue arbitrated access. Secondly, we formulate the generation of the virtual light-tree overlay topology for the static traffic case.Postprint (published version

Optical flow switched networks

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-279).In the four decades since optical fiber was introduced as a communications medium, optical networking has revolutionized the telecommunications landscape. It has enabled the Internet as we know it today, and is central to the realization of Network-Centric Warfare in the defense world. Sustained exponential growth in communications bandwidth demand, however, is requiring that the nexus of innovation in optical networking continue, in order to ensure cost-effective communications in the future. In this thesis, we present Optical Flow Switching (OFS) as a key enabler of scalable future optical networks. The general idea behind OFS-agile, end-to-end, all-optical connections-is decades old, if not as old as the field of optical networking itself. However, owing to the absence of an application for it, OFS remained an underdeveloped idea-bereft of how it could be implemented, how well it would perform, and how much it would cost relative to other architectures. The contributions of this thesis are in providing partial answers to these three broad questions. With respect to implementation, we address the physical layer design of OFS in the metro-area and access, and develop sensible scheduling algorithms for OFS communication. Our performance study comprises a comparative capacity analysis for the wide-area, as well as an analytical approximation of the throughput-delay tradeoff offered by OFS for inter-MAN communication. Lastly, with regard to the economics of OFS, we employ an approximate capital expenditure model, which enables a throughput-cost comparison of OFS with other prominent candidate architectures. Our conclusions point to the fact that OFS offers significant advantage over other architectures in economic scalability.(cont.) In particular, for sufficiently heavy traffic, OFS handles large transactions at far lower cost than other optical network architectures. In light of the increasing importance of large transactions in both commercial and defense networks, we conclude that OFS may be crucial to the future viability of optical networking.by Guy E. Weichenberg.Ph.D