Iimplementasi Adaptif Update Period Pada Proaktif Routing Protocol DSDV Berdasarkan Faktor Kecepatan Vehicle Pada Vanets

VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks) merupakan kumpulan kendaraan yang berkomunikasi nirkabel yang membentuk jaringan dinamis tanpa infrastruktur yang ditetapkan sebelumnya atau tanpa administrasi terpusat. Terdapat beberapa metode perutean untuk berkomunikasi antar kendaraan dalam jaringan. Mekanisme penentuan rute komunikasi dari node pengirim ke node penerima disebut dengan routing. Untuk berkomunikasi dalam jaringan VANETs dibutuhkan protocol routing, karena pengiriman pesan dari node pengirim ke penerima melewati beberapa node penghubung. Protocol routing akan mencarikan rute terbaik dari rute yang akan dilalui. Metode perutean tersebut digolongkan menjadi 2 macam proaktif dan reaktif. Proaktif dimana setiap kendaraan mengupdate rute ke setiap kendaraan yang terdapat dalam jaringan. Sedangkan metode reaktif dimana kendaraan akan mencari rute jika ingin berkomunikasi. Salah satu contoh routing protocol proaktif adalah DSDV. Protokol DSDV memiliki 2 metode untuk memperbarui routing table yaitu full dump dan incemental. Full dump dilakukan pada interval tertentu. Sedangkan incremental dilakukan pada kondisi tertentu, misalnya ketika node tetangga tidak merespon dalam waktu tertentu. Waktu interval untuk melakukan full dump disebut dengan update period. Pada protokol DSDV full dump dilakukan setiap 15 detik. Namun dalam VANETs, node-node bergerak sangat cepat sehingga dibutuhkan segera pembaruan routing table. Pada Tugas Akhir ini, dilakukan modifikasi terhadap protokol DSDV dengan metode adaptif update period. Dengan metode ini, full dump pada protokol DSDV dilakukan berdasarkan kecepatan node. Semakin cepat node, semakin sering dilakukan pembaruan routing table. Dengan metode ini, mampu memperbarui performa protokol DSDV, hal ini dibuktikan dengan peningkatan nilai packet delivery ratio sebesar 6,10%. ============================================================================================================= VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks) is a collection of wireless communicating vehicles that make up a dynamic network with no pre-defined infrastructure or centralized administration. There are some routing methods for communication between vehicle in the network. Routing is a mechanism to determine communication route from sender to receivers. Routing protocol needed in vanet, because packet sent in vanet network pass through some intermediate node. Routing protocol will look for best route to send the packet. Routing protocol categorized as proactive and reactive. Proactive routing protocol works by updating route in every node s to another node in vanet network. Meanwhile reactive protocol only update route where node begin communication. Well known proactive protocol is DSDV. DSDV protocol have 2 mechanisms to update their routing table, full dump and incremental. Full dump run only on some interval. Meanwhile incremental run only on certain condition such as neighbour’s node unable to give response on certain time. Interval time for full dump called update period. In DSDV protocol, full dump run every 15 seconds. However, in vanet network, nodes move so fast and make routing tableless accurate. So, routing table must be updated often. In this project, modification of DSDV protocol will be made using adaptive method to change update period of full dump mechanism. Full dump in DSDV will be run based on node speed. The faster the node, the more often routingtable will be updated. Using this approach will increase DSDV packet delivery ratio by 6,10

Modifikasi Fungsi Periode Perbaruan Node pada Routing Protocol DSDV di dalam Lingkup Jaringan VANETs

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) adalah kondisi spesial dari Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), yang mana memiliki istilah “jaringan di atas roda”. VANET adalah jaringan Ad-hoc yang dibentuk diantara kendaraan sebagaimana kebutuhan komunikasi mereka. Setiap kendaraan yang terlibat di dalam lingkup pengembangan jaringan VANET harus memiliki kemampuan transmisi dan penerimaan sinyal dengan kecepatan yang tinggi. VANET menjadi lebih menantang jika dibandingkan dengan MANET, karena VANET memiliki tingkat mobilitas node yang tinggi dan perubahan topologi yang cepat. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) merupakan protokol perutean yang menggunakan algoritma Bellman-Ford untuk menghitung lintasannya. Metrik cost yang digunakan adalah hop count, yang merupakan jumlah hop yang dibutuhkan paket untuk mencapai destinasinya. DSDV merupakan protokol proaktif, sehingga mampu menjaga routing table dengan entri-entri untuk semua node di dalam jaringan, tidak hanya untuk node tetangga. Setiap perubahan akan disebarluaskan melalui mekanisme perbaruan berkala dan dengan trigger yang digunakan pada DSDV. Routing update pada DSDV dilakukan dengan dua cara, yakni full dump dan incremental. Routing update full dump dilakukan secara berkala setiap 15 detik. Tugas akhir ini memodifikasi fungsi yang berkenaan dengan periode perbaruan node pada protokol perutean DSDV di dalam lingkup jaringan VANETs. Modifikasi fungsi ini menyesuaikan periode perbaruan node dalam routing table dengan kecepatan pengiriman paket antar node pada kendaraan. Sehingga dengan adanya modifikasi ini diharapkan performa dari protokol perutean DSDV akan menjadi lebih representatif dan mengurangi tingkat packet loss dalam tranmisi dan penerimaan paket. Dari hasil uji coba, terbukti bahwa modifikasi yang dilakukan dapat meningkatkan nilai Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Rata-rata peningkatan nilai PDR pada skenario grid adalah 6,83%. Rata-rata peningkatan nilai PDR pada skenario real adalah 5,12%. ================================================================================================ Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) is a special condition of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), which has the term “network on wheels”. VANET is an Ad-hoc network that is formed between vehicles as their communication needs. Every vehicle involved in the scope of VANET network development must have the ability to transmit and receive signals at high speeds. VANET is more challenging compared to MANET, because VANET has high level of node mobility and rapid topology changes. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) is a routing protocol that uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm to calculate its trajectory. The cost metric used is hop count, which is the number of hops needed for the package to reach its destination. DSDV is a proactive protocol, so it is able to maintain the routing table with entriesfor all nodes in the network, not only for the neighboring nodes. Each change will be disseminated through a periodic update mechanism and with a trigger used on DSDV. Routing updates on DSDV are done in two ways, called full dump and incremental. Full dump update routing is done regularly every 15 seconds. This final assignment modifies the function with respect to the update period of the DSDV routing protocol node within the VANET network. This function modification adjust the node update period in the routing table with the speed of sending packets between nodes on the vehicle. So that with this modification it is expected that the performance of the DSDV routing protocol will become more representative and reduce packet loss rates in packet transmission and reception. From the results of the experiments, it was proven that the modifications made could increase the value of the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The average increase in PDR value in the grid scenario is 6.83%. The average increase in PDR value in the real scenario is 5.12%

AN ADAPTIVE INFORMATION DISSEMINATION MODEL FOR VANET COMMUNICATION

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been envisioned to be useful in road safety and many commercial applications. The growing trend to provide communication among the vehicles on the road has provided the opportunities for developing a variety of applications for VANET. The unique characteristics of VANET bring about new research challenges

Optimisation of Mobile Communication Networks - OMCO NET

The mini conference “Optimisation of Mobile Communication Networks” focuses on advanced methods for search and optimisation applied to wireless communication networks. It is sponsored by Research & Enterprise Fund Southampton Solent University. The conference strives to widen knowledge on advanced search methods capable of optimisation of wireless communications networks. The aim is to provide a forum for exchange of recent knowledge, new ideas and trends in this progressive and challenging area. The conference will popularise new successful approaches on resolving hard tasks such as minimisation of transmit power, cooperative and optimal routing

An Optimised and Efficient Routing Protocol Application for IoV: A Review

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a wireless network without a centralised administrator, where each node acts as a router forwarding data packets to other nodes. The study compares the performance of three routing protocols (AODV, OLSR, and DSDV) using the NS2 simulator under various mobility models. The proposed work introduces a modified protocol, MAODV, which combines the features of AODV protocols to optimise energy consumption, minimise transmissions, and find an optimum path for data transmission. The proposed method is compared with the standard AODV protocol. It shows better average throughput and packet delivery ratio results in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) scenario

A holistic framework to improve message delivery in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are wireless communication networks for vehicles that do not require any fixed or central infrastructure. It forms an important part of the intelligent transport system (ITS) which is the convergence of telecommunications, computing and wireless systems with the aim of improving transportation regarding efficiency, safety and management. In addition to the uses of ITS, VANETs will contribute in service access, cooperative driving, entertainment and navigation for cars of the future. Due to the varied use of VANETs, it becomes slightly cumbersome having a "one-fits-all" solution to challenges facing message dissemination in VANETs. While some applications might require a fast and reliable way of disseminating messages amongst members of the network, other applications might be more delay-tolerant without adding extra risks to the dependents of such application. Data dissemination methods are therefore important aspects of VANET that ensure messages are delivered to areas beyond the scope of the originating node. However, several types of research have shown that message propagation for each geographical route is unique to that route, owing to the number of network participants, their speed, and distribution of objects on that route. Many research designs do not consider the vehicles and their traffic characteristics and as such vehicular ad-hoc networks are under-utilised. One of the problems present in the emerging field of vehicular communications is that of optimally disseminating messages within the network to support services such as collision warnings, traffic management, and driverless vehicles amongst others. This problem is a unique research area which involves the entire network and its ability to support the efficient propagation of data. Message dissemination in VANETs could be viewed as routing on much higher macroscopic level, however, the techniques usually applied to data routing on a microscopic level does not utilise available data to efficiently disseminate messages within a vehicular ad-hoc network. Some work done in literature addresses a few constraints at a time; for example a focus on junctions, thereby ignoring vast areas of the wireless network which could have been otherwise used to improve the overall ability to efficiently deliver messages within the road network. For this reason, this thesis investigates the effects of several vehicular factors, how these factors affect the quality of the wireless network on each road, and how this knowledge is advantageous in improving the delivery of messages from a source to its destination within a vehicular ad-hoc network. In proposing a solution that uses otherwise largely ignored road traffic data to improving efficient message delivery, a holistic framework that utilises road traffic information in a unique way is presented. The quality of a wireless network for each road in terms of packets delivered is seen to be influenced by the number of vehicles and their speed which is seen to be unique for each road segment; therefore, allowing the generation of a wireless packet delivery map offline (wireless network map) based on varying number of vehicles and speeds. Current road traffic data can then be compared against the wireless map in order to determine which routes have good network quality and hence the ability to support better message dissemination. This framework is also aimed at helping to fully utilise the VANET bandwidth available by reducing network noise caused by multiple retransmissions of nodes in the network by picking the right path and using only the furthest node on each path. It aims to reduce messages delivery failure, reduce delays in the message delivery where possible and improve the utilisation of vehicles as communication nodes and relays. The Framework for Improving Message Delivery in VANETs (FIMDEV) proposed in this thesis shows the benefit of using the wireless communication database information processed by each vehicle to support message delivery from source to destination within the VANET. Experiments show improved overall packet delivery ratio when compared to standalone routing protocols as FIMDEV uses the wireless network database along with a set of rules for propagating messages within the network

Emulation platform design for multimedia applications over vehicular networks

Safety applications seems that will be decisive for a successful introduction to the automotive market for the vehicular networks. However, another kind of applications could be very helpful in order to reach the maximum number of equipped vehicles after market introduction, because can attract a greater number of users and facilitate a vehicular infrastructure investment because vehicular communication must provide business opportunities for Internet service providers to generate revenue. One of these kind of applications is live video streaming over vehicular networks. Video streaming is an attractive feature to many applications, such as emergency live video transmission, video on demand services, road-side video advertisement broadcasting and inter-vehicle video conversation. Test and evaluate implementations in a real testbed environment could be very costly and di cult in this kind of networks. Simulations are still commonly used as a first step in any development for vehicular networks research. Therefore, to test this kind of applications an emulation platform for multimedia applications over vehicular networks is presented in this article. We’ve studied the performance of video streaming services in a infrastructure environment over a highways taking special account in the losses that produces handovers during the communication caused by the network mobility

Emulation platform design for multimedia applications over vehicular networks

Safety applications seems that will be decisive for a successful introduction to the automotive market for the vehicular networks. However, another kind of applications could be very helpful in order to reach the maximum number of equipped vehicles after market introduction, because can attract a greater number of users and facilitate a vehicular infrastructure investment because vehicular communication must provide business opportunities for Internet service providers to generate revenue. One of these kind of applications is live video streaming over vehicular networks. Video streaming is an attractive feature to many applications, such as emergency live video transmission, video on demand services, road-side video advertisement broadcasting and inter-vehicle video conversation. Test and evaluate implementations in a real testbed environment could be very costly and di cult in this kind of networks. Simulations are still commonly used as a first step in any development for vehicular networks research. Therefore, to test this kind of applications an emulation platform for multimedia applications over vehicular networks is presented in this article. We’ve studied the performance of video streaming services in a infrastructure environment over a highways taking special account in the losses that produces handovers during the communication caused by the network mobility

Secure multi-constrained QoS reliable routing algorithm for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University LondonVehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are a particular form of wireless network made by vehicles communicating among themselves and with roadside base stations. A wide range of services has been developed for VANETs ranging from safety to infotainment applications. A key requirement for such services is that they are offered with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees in terms of service reliability and availability. Furthermore, due to the openness of VANET’s wireless channels to both internal and external attacks, the application of security mechanisms is mandatory to protect the offered QoS guarantees. QoS routing plays an essential role in identifying routes that meet the QoS requirements of the offered service over VANETs. However, searching for feasible routes subject to multiple QoS constraints is in general an NP-hard problem. Moreover, routing reliability needs to be given special attention as communication links frequently break in VANETs. To date, most existing QoS routing algorithms are designed for stable networks without considering the security of the routing process. Therefore, they are not suitable for applications in VANETs. In this thesis, the above issues are addressed firstly by developing a link reliability model based on the topological and mathematical properties of vehicular movements and velocities. Evolving graph theory is then utilised to model the VANET communication graph and integrate the developed link reliability model into it. Based on the resulting extended evolving graph model, the most reliable route in the network is picked. Secondly, the situational awareness model is applied to the developed reliable routing process because picking the most reliable route does not guarantee reliable transmission. Therefore, a situation-aware reliable multipath routing algorithm for VANETs is proposed. Thirdly, the Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) technique is employed to propose an Ant-based multi-constrained QoS (AMCQ) routing algorithm for VANETs. AMCQ is designed to give significant advantages to the implementation of security mechanisms that are intended to protect the QoS routing process. Finally, a novel set of security procedures is proposed to defend the routing process against external and internal threats. Simulation results demonstrate that high levels of QoS can be still guaranteed by AMCQ even when the security procedures are applied