Study of Performance of Security Protocols in Wireless Mesh Network

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) represent a good solution to providing wireless Internet connectivity in a sizable geographic area; this new and promising paradigm allows for network deployment at a much lower cost than with classic WiFi networks. Standards-based wireless access takes advantage of the growing popularity of inexpensive Wi-Fi clients,enabling new service opportunities and applications that improve user productivity and responsiveness. The deployment of WMNs, are suffered by : (i) All, the communications being wireless and therefore prone to interference, present severe capacity and delay constraints, (ii) The second reason that slows down the deployment of WMNs is the lack of security guarantees. Wireless mesh networks mostly susceptible to routing protocol threats and route disruption attacks. Most of these threats require packet injection with a specialized knowledge of the routing protocol; the threats to wireless mesh networks and are summarized as (i) External attacks: in which attackers not belonging to the network jam the communication or inject erroneous information, and (ii) Internal attacks: in which attackers are internal, compromised nodes that are difficult to be detected. The MAC layers of WMN are subjected to the attacks like Eavesdropping, Link Layer Jamming Attack, MAC Spoofing Attack, and Replay Attack. The attacks in Network Layer are: Control Plane Attacks, Data Plane Attacks, Rushing attack, Wormhole attack, and Black Hole Attack. In this project work we are concern with the threats related to Network layer of WMN based upon 802.11i and analysis the performance of secure routing protocols and their performance against the intrusion detection

Design and Analysis of Medium Access Control Protocols for Broadband Wireless Networks

The next-generation wireless networks are expected to integrate diverse network architectures and various wireless access technologies to provide a robust solution for ubiquitous broadband wireless access, such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), Ultra-Wideband (UWB), and millimeter-wave (mmWave) based wireless personal area networks (WPANs), etc. To enhance the spectral efficiency and link reliability, smart antenna systems have been proposed as a promising candidate for future broadband access networks. To effectively exploit the increased capabilities of the emerging wireless networks, the different network characteristics and the underlying physical layer features need to be considered in the medium access control (MAC) design, which plays a critical role in providing efficient and fair resource sharing among multiple users. In this thesis, we comprehensively investigate the MAC design in both single- and multi-hop broadband wireless networks, with and without infrastructure support. We first develop mathematical models to identify the performance bottlenecks and constraints in the design and operation of existing MAC. We then use a cross-layer approach to mitigate the identified bottleneck problems. Finally, by evaluating the performance of the proposed protocols with analytical models and extensive simulations, we determine the optimal protocol parameters to maximize the network performance. In specific, a generic analytical framework is developed for capacity study of an IEEE 802.11 WLAN in support of non-persistent asymmetric traffic flows. The analysis can be applied for effective admission control to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) performance of multimedia applications. As the access point (AP) becomes the bottleneck in an infrastructure based WLAN, we explore the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) capability in the future IEEE 802.11n WLANs and propose a MIMO-aware multi-user (MU) MAC. By exploiting the multi-user degree of freedom in a MIMO system to allow the AP to communicate with multiple users in the downlink simultaneously, the proposed MU MAC can minimize the AP-bottleneck effect and significantly improve the network capacity. Other enhanced MAC mechanisms, e.g., frame aggregation and bidirectional transmissions, are also studied. Furthermore, different from a narrowband system where simultaneous transmissions by nearby neighbors collide with each other, wideband system can support multiple concurrent transmissions if the multi-user interference can be properly managed. Taking advantage of the salient features of UWB and mmWave communications, we propose an exclusive region (ER) based MAC protocol to exploit the spatial multiplexing gain of centralized UWB and mmWave based wireless networks. Moreover, instead of studying the asymptotic capacity bounds of arbitrary networks which may be too loose to be useful in realistic networks, we derive the expected capacity or transport capacity of UWB and mmWave based networks with random topology. The analysis reveals the main factors affecting the network (transport) capacity, and how to determine the best protocol parameters to maximize the network capacity. In addition, due to limited transmission range, multi-hop relay is necessary to extend the communication coverage of UWB networks. A simple, scalable, and distributed UWB MAC protocol is crucial for efficiently utilizing the large bandwidth of UWB channels and enabling numerous new applications cost-effectively. To address this issue, we further design a distributed asynchronous ER based MAC for multi-hop UWB networks and derive the optimal ER size towards the maximum network throughput. The proposed MAC can significantly improve both network throughput and fairness performance, while the throughput and fairness are usually treated as a tradeoff in other MAC protocols

Modeling of Duty-Cycled MAC Protocols for Heterogeneous WSN with Priorities

[EN] Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have experienced an important revitalization, particularly with the arrival of Internet of Things applications. In a general sense, a WSN can be composed of different classes of nodes, having different characteristics or requirements (heterogeneity). Duty-cycling is a popular technique used in WSN, that allows nodes to sleep and wake up periodically in order to save energy. We believe that the modeling and performance evaluation of heterogeneous WSN with priorities operating in duty-cycling, being of capital importance for their correct design and successful deployment, have not been sufficiently explored. The present work presents a performance evaluation study of a WSN with these features. For a scenario with two classes of nodes composing the network, each with a different channel access priority, an approximate analytical model is developed with a pair of two-dimensional discrete-time Markov chains. Note that the same modeling approach can be used to analyze networks with a larger number of classes. Performance parameters such as average packet delay, throughput and average energy consumption are obtained. Analytical results are validated by simulation, showing accurate results. Furthermore, a new procedure to determine the energy consumption of nodes is proposed that significantly improves the accuracy of previous proposals. We provide quantitative evidence showing that the energy consumption accuracy improvement can be up to two orders of magnitudeThis work is part of the project PGC2018-094151-B-I00, which is financed by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MCIU), Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (MCIU/AEI/FEDER.UE). C. Portillo acknowledges the funding received from the European Union under the program Erasmus Mundus Partnerships, project EuroinkaNet, GRANT AGREEMENT NUMBER -2014 -0870/001/001, and the support received from SEP-SES (DSA/103.5/15/6629)Portillo, C.; Martínez Bauset, J.; Pla, V.; Casares-Giner, V. (2020). Modeling of Duty-Cycled MAC Protocols for Heterogeneous WSN with Priorities. Electronics. 9(3):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030467S11693Gomes, D. A., & Bianchini, D. (2016). Interconnecting Wireless Sensor Networks with the Internet Using Web Services. IEEE Latin America Transactions, 14(4), 1937-1942. doi:10.1109/tla.2016.7483537Libo, Z., Tian, H., & Chunyun, G. (2019). Wireless multimedia sensor network for rape disease detections. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2019(1). doi:10.1186/s13638-019-1468-3Shi, X., An, X., Zhao, Q., Liu, H., Xia, L., Sun, X., & Guo, Y. (2019). State-of-the-Art Internet of Things in Protected Agriculture. 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Design of a Wireless Sensor Network-Based IoT Platform for Wide Area and Heterogeneous Applications. IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(12), 5187-5197. doi:10.1109/jsen.2018.2832664He, X., Liu, S., Yang, G., & Xiong, N. (2018). Achieving Efficient Data Collection in Heterogeneous Sensing WSNs. IEEE Access, 6, 63187-63199. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2876552Ortin, J., Cesana, M., Redondi, A. E. C., Canales, M., & Gallego, J. R. (2019). Analysis of Unslotted IEEE 802.15.4 Networks With Heterogeneous Traffic Classes. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 8(2), 380-383. doi:10.1109/lwc.2018.2873347Bianchi, G. (2000). Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 18(3), 535-547. doi:10.1109/49.840210Liu, R. P., Sutton, G. J., & Collings, I. B. (2010). A New Queueing Model for QoS Analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF with Finite Buffer and Load. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 9(8), 2664-2675. doi:10.1109/twc.2010.061010.091803Ou Yang, & Heinzelman, W. (2012). Modeling and Performance Analysis for Duty-Cycled MAC Protocols with Applications to S-MAC and X-MAC. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 11(6), 905-921. doi:10.1109/tmc.2011.121Martinez-Bauset, J., Guntupalli, L., & Li, F. Y. (2015). Performance Analysis of Synchronous Duty-Cycled MAC Protocols. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 4(5), 469-472. doi:10.1109/lwc.2015.2439267Guntupalli, L., Martinez-Bauset, J., Li, F. Y., & Weitnauer, M. A. (2017). Aggregated Packet Transmission in Duty-Cycled WSNs: Modeling and Performance Evaluation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 66(1), 563-579. doi:10.1109/tvt.2016.2536686Zhang, R., Moungla, H., Yu, J., & Mehaoua, A. (2017). Medium Access for Concurrent Traffic in Wireless Body Area Networks: Protocol Design and Analysis. 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Spectrum and Energy Efficient Medium Access Control for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

The increasingly growing number of mobile devices and volume of mobile data traffic necessitate establishing an effective self-organizing wireless ad hoc network to efficiently utilize radio spectrum and energy. The transmissions time and bandwidth should be dynamically coordinated based on instantaneous traffic load of the links in the network. Energy consumption in a mobile device can be reduced by putting the radio interface into a sleep mode. However, the mobile device cannot receive incoming data packets in the sleep mode. Thus, awake and sleep times of radio interfaces should be carefully planned to avoid missing incoming packets. In a wireless network, links that are far apart in distance can simultaneously transmit using the same bandwidth without interfering reception at destination nodes. Concurrent transmissions should be properly scheduled to maximize spatial spectrum utilization. Also, the transmission power level of each link should be optimized to enhance spectrum and energy efficiencies. First, we present a new energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) scheme for a fully connected wireless ad hoc network. Energy consumption is reduced by periodically putting radio interfaces in the sleep mode and by reducing transmission collisions. The network throughput and average packet transmission delay are also improved because of lower collision and contention overhead. The proposed MAC scheme can achieve energy saving for realtime traffic which requires a low packet transmission delay. An analytical model is established to evaluate the performance of the proposed MAC scheme. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has a significantly lower energy consumption, achieves higher throughput, and has a lower packet transmission delay in comparison with existing power saving MAC protocols. Second, we present a novel distributed MAC scheme based on dynamic space-reservation to effectively coordinate transmissions in a wireless ad hoc network. A set of coordinator nodes distributed over the network area are employed to collect and exchange local network information and to periodically schedule links for transmission in a distributed manner. For each scheduled transmission, a proper space area around the receiver node is reserved to enhance spatial spectrum reuse. Also, the data transmission times are deterministic to minimize idle-listening radio interface energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves substantially higher throughput and has significantly lower energy consumption in comparison with existing schemes. We study joint scheduling and transmission power control in a wireless ad hoc network. We analyze the asymptotic joint optimal scheduling and transmission power control, and determine the maximum spectrum and energy efficiencies in a wireless network. Based on the asymptotic analysis, we propose a novel scheduling and transmission power control scheme to approach the maximum spectrum efficiency, subject to an energy consumption constraint. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed scheme achieves 40% higher throughput than existing schemes. Indeed, the scheduling efficiency of our proposed scheme is about 70% of the asymptotic optimal scheduling and transmission power control. Also, the energy consumption of the proposed scheme is about 20% of the energy consumed using existing MAC protocols. The proposed MAC, scheduling and transmission power control schemes provide effective spectrum sharing and energy management for future wireless hotspot and peer-to-peer communication networks. The presented asymptotic analysis determines the maximum spectrum and energy efficiencies in a wireless network and provides an effective means to efficiently utilize spectrum and energy resources based on network traffic load and energy consumption constrains

A Study of Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks

The seamless integration of low-power, miniaturised, invasive/non-invasive lightweight sensor nodes have contributed to the development of a proactive and unobtrusive Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). A WBAN provides long-term health monitoring of a patient without any constraint on his/her normal dailylife activities. This monitoring requires low-power operation of invasive/non-invasive sensor nodes. In other words, a power-efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is required to satisfy the stringent WBAN requirements including low-power consumption. In this paper, we first outline the WBAN requirements that are important for the design of a low-power MAC protocol. Then we study low-power MAC protocols proposed/investigated for WBAN with emphasis on their strengths and weaknesses. We also review different power-efficient mechanisms for WBAN. In addition, useful suggestions are given to help the MAC designers to develop a low-power MAC protocol that will satisfy the stringent WBAN requirements.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, 7 table

A critical analysis of research potential, challenges and future directives in industrial wireless sensor networks

In recent years, Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSNs) have emerged as an important research theme with applications spanning a wide range of industries including automation, monitoring, process control, feedback systems and automotive. Wide scope of IWSNs applications ranging from small production units, large oil and gas industries to nuclear fission control, enables a fast-paced research in this field. Though IWSNs offer advantages of low cost, flexibility, scalability, self-healing, easy deployment and reformation, yet they pose certain limitations on available potential and introduce challenges on multiple fronts due to their susceptibility to highly complex and uncertain industrial environments. In this paper a detailed discussion on design objectives, challenges and solutions, for IWSNs, are presented. A careful evaluation of industrial systems, deadlines and possible hazards in industrial atmosphere are discussed. The paper also presents a thorough review of the existing standards and industrial protocols and gives a critical evaluation of potential of these standards and protocols along with a detailed discussion on available hardware platforms, specific industrial energy harvesting techniques and their capabilities. The paper lists main service providers for IWSNs solutions and gives insight of future trends and research gaps in the field of IWSNs

Goodbye, ALOHA!

©2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.The vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) to interconnect and Internet-connect everyday people, objects, and machines poses new challenges in the design of wireless communication networks. The design of medium access control (MAC) protocols has been traditionally an intense area of research due to their high impact on the overall performance of wireless communications. The majority of research activities in this field deal with different variations of protocols somehow based on ALOHA, either with or without listen before talk, i.e., carrier sensing multiple access. These protocols operate well under low traffic loads and low number of simultaneous devices. However, they suffer from congestion as the traffic load and the number of devices increase. For this reason, unless revisited, the MAC layer can become a bottleneck for the success of the IoT. In this paper, we provide an overview of the existing MAC solutions for the IoT, describing current limitations and envisioned challenges for the near future. Motivated by those, we identify a family of simple algorithms based on distributed queueing (DQ), which can operate for an infinite number of devices generating any traffic load and pattern. A description of the DQ mechanism is provided and most relevant existing studies of DQ applied in different scenarios are described in this paper. In addition, we provide a novel performance evaluation of DQ when applied for the IoT. Finally, a description of the very first demo of DQ for its use in the IoT is also included in this paper.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Wireless industrial monitoring and control networks: the journey so far and the road ahead

While traditional wired communication technologies have played a crucial role in industrial monitoring and control networks over the past few decades, they are increasingly proving to be inadequate to meet the highly dynamic and stringent demands of today’s industrial applications, primarily due to the very rigid nature of wired infrastructures. Wireless technology, however, through its increased pervasiveness, has the potential to revolutionize the industry, not only by mitigating the problems faced by wired solutions, but also by introducing a completely new class of applications. While present day wireless technologies made some preliminary inroads in the monitoring domain, they still have severe limitations especially when real-time, reliable distributed control operations are concerned. This article provides the reader with an overview of existing wireless technologies commonly used in the monitoring and control industry. It highlights the pros and cons of each technology and assesses the degree to which each technology is able to meet the stringent demands of industrial monitoring and control networks. Additionally, it summarizes mechanisms proposed by academia, especially serving critical applications by addressing the real-time and reliability requirements of industrial process automation. The article also describes certain key research problems from the physical layer communication for sensor networks and the wireless networking perspective that have yet to be addressed to allow the successful use of wireless technologies in industrial monitoring and control networks

Adaptive Duty Cycling MAC Protocols Using Closed-Loop Control for Wireless Sensor Networks

The fundamental design goal of wireless sensor MAC protocols is to minimize unnecessary power consumption of the sensor nodes, because of its stringent resource constraints and ultra-power limitation. In existing MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), duty cycling, in which each node periodically cycles between the active and sleep states, has been introduced to reduce unnecessary energy consumption. Existing MAC schemes, however, use a fixed duty cycling regardless of multi-hop communication and traffic fluctuations. On the other hand, there is a tradeoff between energy efficiency and delay caused by duty cycling mechanism in multi-hop communication and existing MAC approaches only tend to improve energy efficiency with sacrificing data delivery delay. In this paper, we propose two different MAC schemes (ADS-MAC and ELA-MAC) using closed-loop control in order to achieve both energy savings and minimal delay in wireless sensor networks. The two proposed MAC schemes, which are synchronous and asynchronous approaches, respectively, utilize an adaptive timer and a successive preload frame with closed-loop control for adaptive duty cycling. As a result, the analysis and the simulation results show that our schemes outperform existing schemes in terms of energy efficiency and delivery delay