A Comprehensive Classification of Business Activities in the Market of Intellectual Property Rights-related Services

Technology and intellectual property markets have witnessed great developments in the last few decades. Due to intellectual property rights gaining more importance and technology companies opening up their innovation processes, a wide range of intellectual property rights related services have emerged in the last two decades. The goal of this research is to develop a comprehensive classification system of intellectual property rights related services (IPSC). The classification is created by applying an ontology engineering process. The IPSC consists of 72 various IPR services divided into six main categories (100 Legal Service; 200 IP Consulting; 300 Matchmaking and Trading; 400 IP Portfolio Processing; 500 IPR-related Financial Service; 600 IPR-related Communication Service). The implications of the thesis are directed to policy makers, technology transfer managers, C-level executives and innovation researchers. The IPSC enables practitioners and researchers to organize industry data that can be thereafter analyzed for better strategy and policy making. In addition, this contributes towards organizing a more transparent and single intellectual property market.:Acknowledgements I Abstract II Contents IV List of Figures VI List of Tables VII 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction to Technology Markets 1 1.2. Explanation of Key Concepts 5 1.3. Research Questions and Goals 9 1.4. Readers Guide 13 2. Literature Review 15 2.1. Intellectual Property Markets State of the Art Review 15 2.2. Ontology Engineering State of the Art Review 22 3. Methodology 26 3.1. Methontology 26 3.2. Planning the IPSC 29 3.3. Specification 30 3.4. Conceptualization 31 3.5. Formalization 32 3.6. Integration 32 3.7. Evaluation 33 3.8. Documentation 33 3.9. Realization and Maintenance 33 4. Data description and collection framework 34 5. Applying Methontology 46 5.1. Knowledge Acquisition and Planning the IPSC 46 5.2. Specification 46 5.3. Conceptualization 47 5.4. Formalization 54 100 Legal Service 56 200 IP Consulting 60 300 Matchmaking and Trading 65 400 IP Portfolio Processing 72 500 IPR-related Financial Service 76 600 IPR-related Communication Service 81 5.5. Integration 86 5.6. Evaluation 95 5.7. Documentation 104 5.8. Realization and Maintenance of the IPSC 106 6. Interview Results and Further Discussions 108 6.1. Implications for Industry 108 6.2. Contributions of the IPSC 110 6.3. Limitations of the IPSC and Future Work 112 7. Conclusions 116 References 120 List of experts interviewed and the date of interview 129 Appendices 13

Electronic Payment Systems – Payment Gateways and Data Security Standards

The use of mobile applications has allowed electronic transactions to be made anytime, anywhere, and by anyone. The Internet has made it possible for businesses to expand their reach across the globe. As a guiding agent for purchasing decisions, social media’s proliferation has expanded businesses’ ability to generate revenue [1]. In short, e-commerce has become a mainstay in the way consumers shop. The findings related to this study are three-fold. First, a systematic and rigorous approach is applied to research the importance of Payment Gateways and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards in today’s electronic marketplace. Next, a quantitative survey was administered to college-level students to validate the need to expand the course curriculum. Lastly, suggestions for future studies are provided to help bridge the gap between academia and the corporate world. When combined, this information will equip students with the needed knowledge to succeed when they enter the e-commerce workforce. Keywords: Payment Gateways, Data Security Standards, Electronic Payment Systems DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-3-21 Publication date: January 31st 2021

Uusiutuvien energiateknologioiden kaupallistaminen : Tutkimus sosioekonomisista, teknisistä ja sääntelytekijöistä Suomessa ja Pakistanissa

Commercialization plays an important role in technologies’ success and failure. The successful transformation of an idea into a product or service is a complex and multifarious process. Commercialization deals with bringing science and technology competencies from the laboratory to market acceptance and use. It ensures that technologies not only meet performance and reliability requirements, but also addresses market needs. Commercialization of renewable energy technologies (RETs) becomes important as there are a number of additional barriers that RETs must surpass to become widely adopted. Success often depends on a number of actors operating at various levels, including government, local bodies, investors, entrepreneurs, society and other stakeholders involved in the process. The literature is replete with evidence indicating the enormous potential of energy generation from renewables. However, their actual contribution to the world’s primary energy supplies remains limited. There is widespread consensus that the low penetration of some renewable energy technologies is no longer because of their technical potential but their commercialization. The objective of this study is to explore how renewable energy technologies can be effectively commercialized. This doctoral dissertation examines cases from Finland and Pakistan to study factors influencing commercialization and causing hindrances to widespread diffusion. This study particularly explores the effect of socio-economic landscape, effect of energy policies, university–industry collaboration, the role of venture capital and factors influencing adoption and establishment of RETs’ market. By employing a mixed methods approach, the findings of this dissertation highlight the role of supportive energy policies, the need to develop a coherent approach, strengthening collaboration between stakeholders, and increase the level of environmental awareness. Based on the findings, this dissertation presents frameworks and mechanisms necessary to address some of these barriers to foster the process of commercialization.Kaupallistamisella on tärkeä rooli uuden tekniikan liiketoiminnan käynnistymisessä. Idean onnistunut kehittäminen tuotteeksi tai palveluksi voi olla vaativa ja monitahoinen prosessi. Kaupallistaminen liittyy tiede- ja teknologiaosaamisen tuomiseen laboratoriosta aina markkinoille hyväksymiseen ja käyttöön saakka. Se varmistaa, että tekniikat eivät vain täytä suorituskyky- ja luotettavuusvaatimuksia, vaan myös vastaavat markkinoiden tarpeisiin. Uusiutuvien energialähteiden tekniikoiden (RET) kaupallistaminen tulee tärkeäksi, koska RET:ien on ylitettävä lukuisia esteitä, jotta niitä voitaisiin soveltaa laajasti. Menestys riippuu usein useista eri tasojen toimijoista, mukaan lukien valtiovalta, paikalliset toimijat, sijoittajat, yrittäjät, yhteiskunta ja muut prosessissa mukana olevat sidosryhmät. Kirjallisuus on täynnä todisteita, jotka osoittavat uusiutuvien energialähteiden energiantuotannon valtavan potentiaalin. Niiden tosiasiallinen vaikutus maailman primaarienergian hankintoihin on kuitenkin edelleen rajallinen. On laajaa yksimielisyyttä siitä, että joidenkin uusiutuvien energialähteiden tekniikoiden alhainen levinneisyys ei johdu enää niiden teknisistä mahdollisuuksista, vaan niiden kaupallisuudesta. Tämän työn tavoitteena on tutkia, miten uusiutuvan energian tekniikoita voidaan tehokkaasti kaupallistaa. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan Suomen ja Pakistanin tapaustutkimusten avulla tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat kaupallistamiseen ja ovat esteitä laajaan leviämiseen. Tässä työssä tutkitaan erityisesti sosioekonomisten asioiden, energiapolitiikan, yliopistojen ja teollisuuden yhteistyön ja riskipääoman merkitystä RET-markkinoiden perustamiseen. Sovellettaessa kvalitatiivisen ja kvantitatiivisen menettelemän yhdistelmää, tämän tutkielman tulokset korostavat tukevan energiapolitiikan merkitystä, johdonmukaisen lähestymistavan kehittämisen tarvetta, sidosryhmien välisen yhteistyön vahvistamista ja ympäristötietoisuuden lisäämistä. Tulosten perusteella tämä väitöskirja tarjoaa kehykset ja mekanismit, joita tarvitaan esteiden poistamiseen kaupallistamisprosessin tieltä.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

A matrix based integrated framework for multi disciplinary exploration of cyber-international relations

Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-130).Cyberspace is the most pervasive and rapidly adopted communication media and the most disruptive until date. It is now indispensable for almost every facet of modern society and touches, practically, everyone by providing a powerful platform for interaction and innovation. Given the widespread availability of tools to operate in this environment, a growing array of actors are trying to benefit as they seek to control critical decision points in the real world and cyberspace. It is imperative to understand what cyberspace "is made of' - over and above the Internet and answer the question "who gets what, when, and how?" The intent of this research initiative is to contribute to the generation, management and sharing of knowledge to enhance understandings of the emerging area of cyber-international relations as a complex, flexible and adaptive domain of interactions. The first contribution of this thesis is the development of a multi-dimensional Cyber System for Strategic Decisions (CSSD) framework. This framework enables a holistic identification of the elements of a system, which are structured as set of nested and hierarchical relationships. It facilitated in mapping the entities that comprise different domains of cyberspace and the dependencies within and across those entities. The second contribution of this thesis is the development of the foundations for an internally consistent and articulate representation of cyber-international relations in terms of actors- individuals and group of individuals, layers of the Internet and the context of cyber engagement that form the basis of the CSSD framework. This approach can be applied to diverse domains to build scenarios and model different facets of both the real world and cyberspace according to the practical needs. The instruments and intensity of engagement and the extent of time of engagement are the two dependencies that map the interactions among the different entities. The third contribution of this thesis is the development of a robust, comprehensive, and coherent test use-case based on "Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)" domain. The CSSD framework is then adapted to test its applicability to the use-case. IPR has been selected as the test use-case because it provided both the legal understanding and legislative efforts at international level, in as collaborative, effective and uniform manner as possible, to protect the rights of intellectual property owners and to avoid future conflicts.by Gaurav Agarwal.S.M.in Engineering and Managemen

A Conceptual Foresight Model to Investigate the Adoption of Radio Frequency Identification Technology in the English National Health Service

Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID) adoption in healthcare settings has the potential to reduce errors, improve patient safety, streamline operational processes and enable the sharing of information throughout supply chains. RFID adoption in the English NHS is limited to isolated pilot studies. Firstly, this study investigates the drivers and inhibitors to RFID adoption in the English NHS from the perspective of the GS1 Healthcare User Group (HUG) tasked with coordinating adoption across private and public sectors. Secondly a conceptual model has been developed and deployed, combining two of foresight’s most popular methods; scenario planning and technology roadmapping. The model addresses the weaknesses of each foresight technique as well as capitalizing on their individual, inherent strengths. Semi structured interviews, scenario planning workshops and a technology roadmapping exercise were conducted with the members of the HUG over an 18-month period. An action research mode of enquiry was utilized with a thematic analysis approach for the identification and discussion of the drivers and inhibitors of RFID adoption. The results of the conceptual model are analysed in comparison to other similar models. There are implications for managers responsible for RFID adoption in both the NHS and its commercial partners, and for foresight practitioners. Managers can leverage the insights gained from identifying the drivers and inhibitors to RFID adoption by making efforts to influence the removal of inhibitors and supporting the continuation of the drivers. The academic contribution of this aspect of the thesis is in the field of RFID adoption in healthcare settings. Drivers and inhibitors to RFID adoption in the English NHS are compared to those found in other settings. The implication for technology foresight practitioners is a proof of concept of a model combining scenario planning and technology roadmapping using a novel process. The academic contribution to the field of technology foresight is the conceptual development of foresight model that combines two popular techniques and then a deployment of the conceptual foresight model in a healthcare setting exploring the future of RFID technology

RIO Country Report 2015: Latvia

The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems.JRC.J.6-Innovation Systems Analysi

A Reference Architecture for Service Lifecycle Management – Construction and Application to Designing and Analyzing IT Support

Service-orientation and the underlying concept of service-oriented architectures are a means to successfully address the need for flexibility and interoperability of software applications, which in turn leads to improved IT support of business processes. With a growing level of diffusion, sophistication and maturity, the number of services and interdependencies is gradually rising. This increasingly requires companies to implement a systematic management of services along their entire lifecycle. Service lifecycle management (SLM), i.e., the management of services from the initiating idea to their disposal, is becoming a crucial success factor. Not surprisingly, the academic and practice communities increasingly postulate comprehensive IT support for SLM to counteract the inherent complexity. The topic is still in its infancy, with no comprehensive models available that help evaluating and designing IT support in SLM. This thesis presents a reference architecture for SLM and applies it to the evaluation and designing of SLM IT support in companies. The artifact, which largely resulted from consortium research efforts, draws from an extensive analysis of existing SLM applications, case studies, focus group discussions, bilateral interviews and existing literature. Formal procedure models and a configuration terminology allow adapting and applying the reference architecture to a company’s individual setting. Corresponding usage examples prove its applicability and demonstrate the arising benefits within various SLM IT support design and evaluation tasks. A statistical analysis of the knowledge embodied within the reference data leads to novel, highly significant findings. For example, contemporary standard applications do not yet emphasize the lifecycle concept but rather tend to focus on small parts of the lifecycle, especially on service operation. This forces user companies either into a best-of-breed or a custom-development strategy if they are to implement integrated IT support for their SLM activities. SLM software vendors and internal software development units need to undergo a paradigm shift in order to better reflect the numerous interdependencies and increasing intertwining within services’ lifecycles. The SLM architecture is a first step towards achieving this goal.:Content Overview List of Figures....................................................................................... xi List of Tables ...................................................................................... xiv List of Abbreviations.......................................................................xviii 1 Introduction .................................................................................... 1 2 Foundations ................................................................................... 13 3 Architecture Structure and Strategy Layer .............................. 57 4 Process Layer ................................................................................ 75 5 Information Systems Layer ....................................................... 103 6 Architecture Application and Extension ................................. 137 7 Results, Evaluation and Outlook .............................................. 195 Appendix ..........................................................................................203 References .......................................................................................... 463 Curriculum Vitae.............................................................................. 498 Bibliographic Data............................................................................ 49

A socio-technical framework to guide implementation and value realisation of distributed ledger technologies (dlt) in the construction sector

Construction is highly resistant to change. Its many challenges have persisted for decades rooted in a lack of trust, reluctance to collaborate and share information. New technologies offer increased transparency, efficiency, and collaboration. Building Information Modelling (BIM), while being the most successful to advance construction to date, has not done enough to combat the challenges. The aim of this research was to investigate the potential of distributed ledger technologies (DLT) and smart contracts (SCs) to provide solutions for the sector. Through empirical investigations (systematic literature review, interviews, focus groups, survey), a framework to guide implementation and value realisation of DLT and SCs in the construction sector was proposed. A socio-technical approach was taken resulting in a framework encompassing four dimensions of technology, process, policy and society. This approach recognises DLT and SCs are not a panacea in and of themselves and should be used in conjunction with advancements across the four dimensions to de-risk any potential failure of these systems. The framework is made up of several conceptual constructs for use at meso and macro scales to support evaluation of the as-is to achieve a desired state and offers progressive roadmaps to reach the point of implementation. The findings demonstrate the requirement for DLT and SCs to integrate with other systems (e.g., BIM, IoT, AI) to add value. Furthermore, technology alone is insufficient to solve the sector’s problems also requiring reform of outdated practices (e.g., procurement, payments, contract management). Contributions to knowledge include: the first known socio-technical framework for systematic and progressive implementation of DLT and SCs in construction. This places equal importance on society and technology for the implementation of these new technological systems and will facilitate their success to unlock benefits for the sector amid the myriad challenges it faces; through this socio-technical approach, the framework encourages active involvement of stakeholders placing importance on the realisation that engaging with users of the system is central to its success; the position of an organisation (or group) looking to develop DLT- or SC-based applications at the meso scale or the position of the sector with regard to how it wants to incorporate these technologies into its existing systems and processes at the macro scale can be evaluated using the framework’s progressive approach that considers every stage of developing and implementing an application; the constructs considering both meso and macro scales minimise any potential decoupling between policy and practice in terms of implementation; and the framework aims to provide a flexible set of tools to encourage the sector to create an ecosystem ready to support these applications as well as provide guidance in the development of applications