Enhanced Accessibility for People with Disabilities Living in Urban Areas

[Excerpt] People with disabilities constitute a significant proportion of the poor in developing countries. If internationally agreed targets on reducing poverty are to be reached, it is critical that specific measures be taken to reduce the societal discrimination and isolation that people with disabilities continue to face. Transport is an important enabler of strategies to fight poverty through enhancing access to education, employment, and social services. This project aims to further the understanding of the mobility and access issues experienced by people with disabilities in developing countries, and to identify specific steps that can be taken to start addressing problems. A major objective of the project is to compile a compendium of guidelines that can be used by government authorities, advocacy groups, and donor/loan agencies to improve the access of people with disabilities to transport and other services in urban areas

Enhancing environmental engagement with natural language interfaces for in-vehicle navigation systems

Four on-road studies were conducted in the Clifton area of Nottingham, UK, aiming to explore the relationships between driver workload and environmental engagement associated with ‘active’ and ‘passive’ navigation systems. In a between-subjects design, a total of 61 experienced drivers completed two experimental drives comprising the same three routes (with overlapping sections), staged one week apart. Drivers were provided with the navigational support of a commercially-available navigation device (‘satnav’), an informed passenger (a stranger with expert route knowledge), a collaborative passenger (an individual with whom they had a close, personal relationship) or a novel interface employing conversational natural language NAV-NLI). The NAV-NLI was created by curating linguistic intercourse extracted from the earlier conditions, and delivering this using a Wizard-of-Oz technique. The different navigational methods were notable for their varying interactivity and the preponderance of environmental landmark information within route directions. Participants experienced the same guidance on each of the two drives to explore changes in reported and observed behaviour. Results show that participants who were more active in the navigation task (collaborative passenger or NAV-NLI) demonstrated enhanced environmental engagement (landmark recognition, route-learning and survey knowledge) allowing them to reconstruct the route more accurately post-drive, compared to drivers using more passive forms of navigational support (SatNav or informed passenger). Workload measures (TDT, NASA-TLX) indicated no differences between conditions, although satnav users and collaborative passenger drivers reported lower workload during their second drive. The research demonstrates clear benefits and potential for a navigation system employing two-way conversational language to deliver instructions. This could help support a long-term perspective in the development of spatial knowledge, enabling drivers to become less reliant on the technology and begin to re-establish associations between viewing an environmental feature and the related navigational manoeuvre

'탑승자'의 관점의 시간, 위치 기반 차량 클러스터 UI 디자인 프레임 제안 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :미술대학 디자인학부 디자인전공,2019. 8. 정의철.One important design issue is the examination of how the user interface (UI) supports the new user role in future mobility. However, there are few design studies on the passengers cognitive needs and behavior in Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) based on empirical data. There is no doubt that autonomous mobility technologies are growing. The technology is already aiding the driving experience, and it will change the mobility culture and the transition of driver into passenger. This study is based on the premise that future AV is capable of performing all driving tasks. It proposes a set of passenger-centered automotive cluster UI designs for future mobility employing two factors: time and path. A set of empirical data is provided to understand the passengers perspective. In this study, a solid set of empirical data on the cognitive needs of passengers is collected. Human cognitive characteristics and driving tasks are investigated from various viewpoints to understand the passengers iii perspective. The cognitive relationship in the driving environment is analyzed through a literature review on situation awareness (SA) and structuring of the data flow framework. The framework is further explored by connecting the technological role transformation to the passenger. To construct the empirical database on the passenger, three sets of user tests and in-depth interviews were undertaken. The user tests were designed employing the Wizard of Oz method, and the results were summarized using descriptive and exploratory analysis. Based on these insights, a set of UI designs from the perspective of the passenger was proposed, and usability tests were conducted to verify its effectiveness and usability. The results of the tests demonstrate that a major percentage of the information request was related to time (current time and duration) and path (vehicle location and surroundings). Based on the data, a UI framework was built. Two usage scenarios were designed, time-full and time-less, for better in-situation comprehension. Time- and path-based UI were proposed to flow with the scenarios. A usability test was conducted, and a passengers cognitive framework was defined. There are two aspects to this study: the data flow frameworks of the driver/passenger, and the UI design proposal. Situational precision from the perspective of the driver was analyzed to understand the relationship between the user, the vehicle and the road conditions. Further, the cognitive framework of the passenger was proposed based on the data. This study provides a solid understanding of drivers emerging needs when they are relieved of the cognitive burden of driving tasks. The UI features for AV are introduced based on the empirical data and research related to the provision of better situation awareness, focusing on time and location. This study contributes to the extant literature by observing the iv perspective of passengers in Autonomous vehicles based on a qualitative study. The proposed UI design will be further explored as a communication method between the system and the passive user in future mobility.사용자 인터페이스가 (UI) 미래 이동성에서 새로운 사용자 역할을 지지하는 디자인 도출은 미래 이동성 분야에서 중요한 디자인 이슈이다. 그러나 사용자 실험에 근거하여 자율주행차량 (AV) 의 탑승자인지 욕구와 행동에 대한 디자인 연구는 미미하다. 자율주행이 기술의 발전과 그 영역은 점차 넓어지고 있다. 해당 기술은 이미 운전 환경에 적용되고 있으며, 이로 인해 미래 이동문화에서 사용자의 역할은 '운전자'에서 '탑승자'로 변화한다. 본 연구는 미래 자율주행차량이 모든 운전 상황에 대처할 수 있다는 것을 전제로 한다. 사용자 실험을 통해 탑승자의 관점에 대한 분석을 진행하였고, 이를 기반으로 미래 모빌리티 환경에 적용될 사용자 인터페이스를 제안한다. 제안된 디자인은 운전자 중심의 상황인지에서 벗어나 탑승자 중심 인지 정보 요소를 분석하였고, 시간과 경로 두 가지 요소를 강조한 UI 를 제안한다. 본 연구에서 탑승자의 인지 정보 요구에 대한 실험적 데이터를 수집하였다. 탑승자의 관점을 이해하기 위해 다양한 관점에서 인간의 인지적 특성 및 운전 태스크를 관찰하였고, 상황인지 (SA) 에 관한 문헌 연구와 데이터 프레임워크 구조화를 통해 운전 환경에서 발생하는 인지적 요소 관계를 분석하였다. 제안된 프레임워크는 기술 변화에 따라 운전자가 탑승자로 변화되었을 때 운전 환경에서의 데이터 관계 변화를 시각적으로 구조화하여 심층적으로 탐구되었다. 탑승자의 인지 니즈 대한 실험적 데이터베이스를 수집하기 위해 총 3 세트의 유저 테스트와 심층 인터뷰가 수반되었다. 유저 테스트는 Wizard of Oz 방법을 사용하여 설계되었으며 실험 결과는 질적 연구방법론의 분석 방법을 통해 분석되었다. 실험을 통해 얻은 인사이트를 바탕으로 탑승자 관점에서 UI 디자인을 제안하고 사용성 테스트를 통해 효율성과 유용성을 5 점 리 커트 스케일로써 검증하였다. 실험 결과에 따르면 탑승자가 요청한 인지 정보는 시간 (현재 시각 및 기간)과 경로 (차량 위치 및 주변 환경)에 집중된 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 데이터를 기반으로 UI 프레임워크를 구성하였다. 상황 속의 사용례를 제시하기 위하여도 가지 time-full 과 time-less 의 사용 시나리오를 구축하고, 제안된 시나리오에 따라 시간과 위치에 기반한 UI 를 제안하였다. 제안된 UI 에 대한 사용성 테스트를 진행하였고, 탑승자 관점에서의 운전상황 인지 워크 프레임을 완성하였다. 본 연구의 가치는 두 가지로 정리될 수 있다. 하나는 운전자 / 탑승자의 데이터 플로우 프레임워크를 제안하였다는 것과 두 번째는 탑승자의 관점을 지지하는 UI 디자인 제안에 있다. 운전자의 관점에서의 운전 상황을 분석하여 사용자, 차량, 그리고 도로 상태 간의 관계를 시각화하였고, 이는 탑승자인지 플로우 프레임워크를 제안하는데 기조적인 틀로써 사용되었다. 본 연구는 운전 태스크를 수행하는 데에 필요했던 인지 부담에서 벗어났을 때의 운전자가 필요로 하는 복합적인 니즈에 대해 관찰하고 미래 모빌리티 환경에 적합한 UI 의 디자인 요소에 대한 연구논문이다. 미래 자율주행차량 안의 사용자 인터페이스가 갖추어야 하는 요소를 실험적 데이터에 근거하여 제시하며, 시간과 루트를 강조하여 향상된 상황 인지를 제공하는 방법에 대한 심도있는 관찰을 기록한다. 본 연구는 질적 연구에 기초한 자율 차량의 탑승자 관점을 관찰함으로써 기존 자율주행이 디자인 연구에 기여할 것이다. 제안된 UI 디자인 미래 이동 성안에서 시스템과 탑승자 간의 커뮤니케이션 방법에 대한 연구로써 그 의의가 있다.ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... II CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... １ 1.1. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................................１ 1.2. PURPOSE .....................................................................................................................７ 1.3. RESEARCH QUESTION.....................................................................................................８ CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................１１ 2.1. SITATION AWARENESS (SA) ........................................................................................１１ 2.2. HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL..................................................................１５ 2.3. DRIVING SITUATION AWARENESS AND PERSPECTIVE.........................................................２０ 2.4. DRIVING TASK AND SENSORY INTERACTION ....................................................................２２ CHAPTER 3. COGNITIVE NEEDS IN AUTONOMOUS.....................................................２７ 3.1. DRIVING BEHAVIOR TRANSFORMATION AND CLUSTER UI..................................................２７ 3.2. COGNITIVE FRAMEWORK TRANSFORMATION ..................................................................３３ CHAPTER 4. USER TESTS ............................................................................................３６ 4.1. WIZARD OF OZ PROTOTYPING .....................................................................................３８ 4.2. PILOT TEST 1............................................................................................................４０ 4.2.1. Experiment Design & Laboratory Setting.................................................４０ 4.2.2. Persona Scenario & Task Design ..............................................................４２ 4.2.3. Preparation of Driving situation...............................................................４５ 4.2.4. Procedure.................................................................................................４７ 4.2.5. Data Analysis & Insight............................................................................４８ 4.3. PILOT TEST 2............................................................................................................５１ 4.3.1. Amendment: Experiment Design & Laboratory Setting ...........................５２ 4.3.2. Amendment: Task Scenario & Command Cue..........................................５４ 4.3.3. Amendment: Perform Role and preparation of driving situation ............５７ 4.3.4. Amendment: Procedure ...........................................................................５９ 4.3.5. Data Analysis & Insight............................................................................６２ 4.4. MAIN TEST ..............................................................................................................６５ 4.4.1. Experiment Design & Laboratory setting .................................................６６ 4.4.2. Task Design ..............................................................................................６９ 4.4.3. Procedure.................................................................................................７１ 4.4.4. Result Analysis & Insight..........................................................................７４ CHAPTER 5. UI CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT...................................................................８１ 5.1. UI DESIGN METHOD..................................................................................................８１ 5.2. DESIGN PROPOSAL ....................................................................................................８４ 5.3. USER SCENARIOS ......................................................................................................８６ 5.3.1 Scenario 1. Time-less: Late for a morning meeting..................................８６ 5.3.2 Scenario 2.Time-full: Leisure driving on weekends ..................................９３ CHAPTER 6. USABILITY TEST ......................................................................................９８ 6.1. USABILITY TEST GUIDE ...............................................................................................９８ 6.2. ASSESSMENT USABILITY TEST ..................................................................................１００ 6.2.1 Test planning........................................................................................１００ 6.2.2 Laboratory setting................................................................................１０２ 6.2.3 Test conduct and debriefing.................................................................１０６ 6.3. RESULT ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................１０６ CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION......................................................................................１０７ APPENDIX 1...........................................................................................................１１０ APPENDIX 2...........................................................................................................１１１ APPENDIX 3...........................................................................................................１１３ APPENDIX 4...........................................................................................................１２１ APPENDIX 5...........................................................................................................１２４ APPENDIX 6...........................................................................................................１２８ APPENDIX 7...........................................................................................................１３３ BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................１３６ 국문 초록 ............................................................................................................１４３Maste

Inventory of ATT system requirements for elderly and disabled drivers and travellers

This Inventory of ATT System Requirements for Elderly and Disabled Drivers and Travellers is the product of the TELSCAN project’s Workpackage 3: Identification and Updating of User Requirements of Elderly and Disabled Travellers. It describes the methods and tools used to identify the needs of elderly and disabled (E&D) travellers. The result of this investigation is a summary of the requirements of elderly and disabled travellers using different modes of transport, including private cars, buses/trams, metros/trains, ships and airplanes. It provides a generic user requirements specification which can guide the design of all transport telematics systems. However, it is important to stress that projects should also capture a more detailed definition of user requirements for their specific application area or system

Performance Measures to Assess Resiliency and Efficiency of Transit Systems

Transit agencies are interested in assessing the short-, mid-, and long-term performance of infrastructure with the objective of enhancing resiliency and efficiency. This report addresses three distinct aspects of New Jersey’s Transit System: 1) resiliency of bridge infrastructure, 2) resiliency of public transit systems, and 3) efficiency of transit systems with an emphasis on paratransit service. This project proposed a conceptual framework to assess the performance and resiliency for bridge structures in a transit network before and after disasters utilizing structural health monitoring (SHM), finite element (FE) modeling and remote sensing using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). The public transit systems in NY/NJ were analyzed based on their vulnerability, resiliency, and efficiency in recovery following a major natural disaster

Cockpit task management: A preliminary, normative theory

Cockpit task management (CTM) involves the initiation, monitoring, prioritizing, and allocation of resources to concurrent tasks as well as termination of multiple concurrent tasks. As aircrews have more tasks to attend to due to reduced crew sizes and the increased complexity of aircraft and the air transportation system, CTM will become a more critical factor in aviation safety. It is clear that many aviation accidents and incidents can be satisfactorily explained in terms of CTM errors, and it is likely that more accidents induced by poor CTM practice will occur in the future unless the issue is properly addressed. The first step in understanding and facilitating CTM behavior was the development of a preliminary, normative theory of CTM which identifies several important CTM functions. From this theory, some requirements for pilot-vehicle interfaces were developed which are believed to facilitate CTM. A prototype PVI was developed which improves CTM performance and currently, a research program is under way that is aimed at developing a better understanding of CTM and facilitating CTM performance through better equipment and procedures