Power-Aware Routing and Network Design with Bundled Links: Solutions and Analysis

The paper deeply analyzes a novel network-wide power management problem, called Power-Aware Routing and Network Design with Bundled Links (PARND-BL), which is able to take into account both the relationship between the power consumption and the traffic throughput of the nodes and to power off both the chassis and even the single Physical Interface Card (PIC) composing each link. The solutions of the PARND-BL model have been analyzed by taking into account different aspects associated with the actual applicability in real network scenarios: (i) the time for obtaining the solution, (ii) the deployed network topology and the resulting topology provided by the solution, (iii) the power behavior of the network elements, (iv) the traffic load, (v) the QoS requirement, and (vi) the number of paths to route each traffic demand. Among the most interesting and novel results, our analysis shows that the strategy of minimizing the number of powered-on network elements through the traffic consolidation does not always produce power savings, and the solution of this kind of problems, in some cases, can lead to spliting a single traffic demand into a high number of paths

Cereal yield modeling in Finland using optical and radar remote sensing : Special Issue Global Croplands

Peer reviewe

The Internet of the Future: Quality of Service and Energy Efficiency

Una delle sfide più importanti del ventunesimo secolo nel campo delle reti di telecomunicazioni è la minimizzazione del consumo di energia fornendo congiuntamente una Qualità del Servizio (QoS). Pertanto, di recente la comunità di ricerca ha iniziato a studiare una serie di iniziative miranti a migliorare la QoS e l’efficienza energetica nell’Internet del futuro. In questo scenario, le Service Overlay Network (SON) sono emerse come un modo proficuo per affrontare questi problemi senza modificare l’infrastruttura sottostante. Invece, il Network Power Management (NPM) cerca i metodi che sono in grado di ottenere risparmi energetici sfruttando opportunamentele caratteristiche energetiche dei dispositivi di rete. In questa tesi, viene analizzato il problema della progettazione topologica di una SON dal punto di vista delle prestazioni. Poichè la soluzione analitica del problema è computazionalmente troppo complessa, si confrontano le prestazioni di un insieme limitato di topologie note. Sulla base di euristiche, tre nuove topologie overlay vengono proposte. Attraverso numerose simulazioni, le prestazioni delle topologie overlay candidate vengono valutate in diversi scenari di rete, tenendo conto del carico e del traffico accettato tra i nodi overlay. Inoltre, questa tesi si concentra sul NPM descrivendo quattro problemi di progettazione di rete per ridurre il consumo energetico delle reti attuali e future. I problemi sono risolti per mezzo di risolutori MILP e MINLP, che ottengono delle soluzioni ottimali o approssimate. Dal momento che in scenari di reti di grandi dimensioni questi approcci sono computazionalmente troppo complessi, sono proposte varie euristiche per i diversi metodi di NPM. L’efficacia degli approcci proposti e dell’euristiche viene esplorata in diversi scenari di rete reali, valutando l’impatto di diversi parametri di rete. I risultati mostrano che le topologie SON sono un’ottima scelta perchè mantengono le stesse prestazioni riducendo l’overhead associato. Inoltre, questa tesi mette in luce l’importanza di una buona caratterizzazione del comportamento energetico dei dispositivi di rete. Notevoli risparmi energetici possono essere raggiunti sfruttando le caratteristiche di potenza dei dispositivi. Le euristiche proposte sono in grado di ridurre il tempo di calcolo e di ottenere risparmi energetici comparabili

Integrating Vegetation Indices Models and Phenological Classification with Composite SAR and Optical Data for Cereal Yield Estimation in Finland (Part I)

Special Issue Microwave Remote Sensing.Abstract: During 1996–2006 the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland, MTT Agrifood Research Finland and the Finnish Geodetic Institute carried out a joint remote sensing satellite research project. It evaluated the applicability of composite multispectral SAR and optical satellite data for cereal yield estimations in the annual crop inventory program. Three Vegetation Indices models (VGI, Infrared polynomial, NDVI and Composite multispetral SAR and NDVI) were validated to estimate cereal yield levels using solely optical and SAR satellite data (Composite Minimum Dataset). The average R2 for cereal yield (yb) was 0.627. The averaged composite SAR modeled grain yield level was 3,750 kg/ha (RMSE = 10.3%, 387 kg/ha) for high latitude spring cereals (4,018 kg/ha for spring wheat, 4,037 kg/ha for barley and 3,151 kg/ha for oats). Keywords: Composite multispectral modeling; SAR; classification; SatPhenClass algorithm; minimum dataset; cereal yield; phenology; LAI-bridge; CAP; IACS; FLPISPeer reviewe

Developing Model-Based Design Evaluation for Pipelined A/D Converters

This paper deals with a prospective approach of modeling, design evaluation and error determination applied to pipelined A/D converter architecture. In contrast with conventional ADC modeling algorithms targeted to extract the maximum ADC non-linearity error, the innovative approach presented allows to decompose magnitudes of individual error sources from a measured or simulated response of an ADC device. Design Evaluation methodology was successfully applied to Nyquist rate cyclic converters in our works [13]. Now, we extend its principles to pipelined architecture. This qualitative decomposition can significantly contribute to the ADC calibration procedure performed on the production line in term of integral and differential nonlinearity. This is backgrounded by the fact that the knowledge of ADC performance contributors provided by the proposed method helps to adjust the values of on-chip converter components so as to equalize (and possibly minimize) the total non-linearity error. In this paper, the design evaluation procedure is demonstrated on a system design example of pipelined A/D converter. Significant simulation results of each stage of the design evaluation process are given, starting from the INL performance extraction proceeded in a powerful Virtual Testing Environment implemented in Maple™ software and finishing by an error source simulation, modeling of pipelined ADC structure and determination of error source contribution, suitable for a generic process flow

Delusional disorder: The role of personality and emotions on delusional ideation

The relationship between personality and Delusional Disorder in still debated. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of personality features and emotional dispositions on the proneness to delusional beliefs, through the lens of a dimensional approach. 91 outpatients were administered the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, the Pathological Narcissism Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory. Delusion proneness was positively related to the "Hiding the Self" domain of narcissistic vulnerability and to paranoid traits and negatively related to "Positive Affect". Paranoid traits and "Hiding the Self" significantly interacted in influencing delusion ideation. These data suggest that proneness to delusion depends, at least in part, on a complex interplay between specific emotional and paranoid dispositions within personality

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ideotype responses to elevated CO2 and temperature levels : A cereal yield modeling study using satellite information

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ideotype concept is defined as the optimal wheat genotype with a maximum potential for grain yield under optimal growing conditions. The ideotype concept has been widely reviewed in agronomy research for a variety of crops. The wheat ideotype with optimum yielding capacity and with adaptation to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations should have rapid canopy closure at the tillering stage and a long grain-filling period, with high temperature sum requirements from anthesis to maturity. The CERES-Wheat modeling results using the non-limited Open Top Chamber (OTC) data (1992-1994) indicated, when using the CERES-Wheat potential, non-limiting model, that the simulated grain yield of high-latitude cv. Polkka increased under elevated CO2 conditions (700 ppm) to 142 % and to 161 % for the mid-European cv. Nandu, as compared with the reference level (ypot, 100%). The corresponding observed average 1992-1994 increase in OTC experiments was lower (112 % cv. Polkka). The elevated temperature (+ 3 °C) accelerated phenological development, especially during the generative phase, according to the CERES-Wheat model estimations. The yield of cv. Polkka decreased on average to 80.4 % (59 % cv. Nandu, vs. 84 % OTC observed) due to temperature increase from the simulated reference level (ypot, 100%). When modeling the elevated temperature and CO2 interaction, the increase in grain yield under elevated CO2 was reduced by the elevated temperature, accelerating phenological development, especially during the generative phase, resulting in a shorter grain-filling period. The combined CO2 and temperature effect increased cv. Polkka grain yield to 106 % (107 % for cv. Nandu) under non-limited growing conditions (vs. 102 % OTC observed) as compared with the simulated reference level (ypot,100 %). The modeling results from the CERES-Wheat crop model, ideotype and cultivation value models imply that with new high yielding mid-European ideotypes, the nonpotential baseline yield (yb) would be on average 5150 kg ha-1 (+ 108 %) vs. new highlatitude ideotypes (yb 4770 kg ha-1, 100%) grown under the elevated CO2(700ppm)×temperature(+3ºC) growing conditions projected for the year 2100 FINSKEN climate change scenario for southern Finland, with elevated CO2 (733 ppm) and temperature (+4.4 °C) levels. The Ideotype, Cultivation value, Mixed structural covariance, Path and yield component analysis results emphasized that especially grains/ear, harvest index (HI) and maximum 1000 kernel weight were significant factors defining the highest yield potential for high-latitude and mid-European spring wheat genotypes. In addition, the roles of flag leaf area and dry weight, especially during the generative phase after heading, were important factors defining the final grain yield potential for new highyielding wheat ideotypes. The 1989-2004 averaged cereal yield modeling results using optical and microwave satellite data from southern Finland with Vegetation Indices (VGI) and Composite Multispectral (CMM) models, suggest a non-potential baseline yield level (yb, kg ha-1) of 3950 kg ha-1 (R2 0.630, RMSE 9.1 %) for spring cereals (including spring wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.) cultivars), 4330 kg ha-1 (R2 0.630, RMSE 6.7 %) for winter cereals (winter wheat and rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars) and 4240 kg ha-1 (R2 0.764, RMSE 6.6 %) for spring wheat cultivars grown in actual field conditions on farms in southern Finland. The modeled VGI and CMM yield estimates (yb) were compared with corresponding measured averaged yields in the 6 experimental areas in the Etelä-Pohjanmaa, Nylands Svenska and Häme Agricultural Advisory and Rural Development Centres (Growing zones I-III) in southern Finland. The combined modeling results from this study suggest that the 5 t ha-1 yield barrier will be surpassed with new high yielding mid-European and high-latitude optimal ideotypes introduced into cultivation after the 1990s, when also taking into account the elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature effects, thereby increasing the average spring wheat non-potential yield levels by 1-6 % of high-latitude ideotypes (4-13 % for mid-European ideotypes) by 2100 in southern Finland. The extrapolation modeling results, combined with earlier sowing and elevated atmospheric CO2 (700 ppm) and temperature (+3 ºC) effects, suggest an average net increase of 30 million kg annually in spring wheat total production in Finland by 2100 using new high-latitude wheat ideotypes (60 million kg with new mid-European ideotypes) and assuming no changes in wheat cultivated area and land use. Currently the averaged annual spring wheat total production is on the 600 million kg level in Finland, varying significantly between years with changes in wheat total cultivation area in Finland.Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin kasvumalleilla nykyisten ja uusien kevätvehnägenotyyppien (alkuperä Keski-Eurooppa/Skandinavia) sekä potentiaalista, ympäristö ja kasvutekijöiden rajoittamatonta (ypot, kg ha-1) että non-potentiaalista (yb,kg ha-1) sadontuottokykyä tulevaisuuden kohonneiden ilmakehän CO2 ja keskilämpötilojen kasvuolosuhteissa Etelä-Suomessa vuosien 2000-2100 aikavälillä. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa arvioitiin mahdollisuuksia arvioida kevätviljojen ja erityisesti kevätvehnän non-potentiaalista satotasoa laajoilla viljelyalueilla Etelä-Suomen ja Pohjanmaan maaseutukeskuksissa (Etelä-Suomen ja Pohjanmaan kasvuvyöhykkeet I-IV) hyödyntäen sekä optisten että mikroaaltotaajuus kaukokartoitussatelliittien mittausdataaa (1998-2004). CERES wheat -kasvumallilla simuloitiin kohotettujen CO2:n (700 ppm, parts per million) ja lämpötilan(+3 °C) vaikutuksia kevätvehnälajike Polkan (Triticum aestivum L.) fenologiseen kehitykseen sekä biomassa- ja sadontuottomahdollisuuksiin optimaalisissa kasvuoloissa (potentiaalinen kasvumalli). Toinen simulointi suoritettiin kasvukauden aikaisten stressitekijöiden (sää, kuivuus, sadanta ja typpilannoitus) vaikuttaessa fenologiseen kehitykseen ja sadontuotantoon (non-potentiaalinen kasvumalli). Suomen ilmastonmuutos -tutkimusohjelman (SILMU) skenaarioiden mukaan Suomen kasvuolosuhteet tulevat muistuttamaan v. 2100 olosuhteita,jotka vallitsevat tällä hetkellä Tanskassa ja Pohjois-Saksassa. Tällöin keskilämpötila on kohonnut 3 °C ja ilmakehän CO2-taso kaksinkertaistunut vuoden 1990 keskimääräisestä 350 ppm tasota 700 ppm tasoon. CERES wheat -kasvumallituksen tulokset indikoivat kaksinkertaisen CO2-tason kohottavan Polkka lajikkeen satoa 142 % potentiaalisella mallilla (167 % non-potentiaalisella) laskettuna nykyisestä referenssitasosta (100 %, ambientti lämpötila, CO2 350 ppm). Kohotettu lämpötila (+3 °C) pienensi Polkan satoa 80,4 %:iin referenssitasosta (100 %, 6,16 t ha -1) potentiaalisella mallilla (76,8 % non-potentiaalisella mallilla referenssitasosta 4,49 t ha -1). Kohotettu lämpötila lyhensi kasvin kasvuaikaa kiihdyttämällä kasvua vegetatiivisessa ja generatiivisessa vaiheessa. Kasvuajan lyhentyminen puolestaan alensi Polkka kevätvehnän satoa. Simuloitaessa kohotettujen CO2-tason ja lämpötilan yhteisvaikutusta Polkan satoon, kiihdytti kohotettu CO2-taso vegetatiivisessa vaiheessa biomassan muodostumista ja generatiivisessa vaiheessa sadonmuodostusta. Toisaalta kohotettu lämpötila lyhensi kasvin generatiivista vaihetta ja pienensi CO2:n satoa kohottavaa vaikutusta. Tällöin kohotettu lämpötila aiheutti tähkän täystuleentumisen aikaisemmin ja sato jäi alhaisemmaksi (106 % potentiaalinen malli, 122 % non-potentiaalinen malli laskettuna ambientista lämpötila ja CO2 tasosta). Tulokset olivat samansuuntaiset Maatalouden tutkimuskeskuksessa v. 1992-1994 Polkka kevätvehnällä tehtyjen open top-kasvukammio (OTC) kokeiden kanssa (Hakala 1998). Ideotyyppi, Cultivation value, Mixed structural covariance, Path ja yield component mallitustulokset indikoivat jyvien lukumäärä/tähkä, satoindeksi (HI), ja 1000 siemenen paino olevan merkittäviä satokomponentteja, jotka vaikuttivat merkittävästi uusien (alkuperä Keski-Eurooppa/Skandinavia) korkea satoisten kevätvehnägenotyyppien loppusatoon. Vuosina 1989-2004 Etelä-Suomessa ja Pohjanmaalla suoritetuissa kenttäkokeissa verrattiin sekä optisten että mikroaaltosatelliittien antaman reflektanssi ja takaisinsironta informaation ennustavuutta kevätviljojen loppusatojen arvioinnissa käyttäen VGI (Vegetation Indices) ja CMM (Composite Multispectral Model) malleja.VGI ja CMM mallien estimoima non-potentiaalinen keskisatoestimaatti (yb) oli kevätviljoille (kevätvehnä, ohra, kaura) 3950 kg ha-1 (R2 0.630, RMSE 9.1 %) ja 4240 kg ha-1 (R2 0.764, RMSE 6.6 %) kevätvehnälle. VGI ja CMM mallien satoestimaatteja verrattiin Maa ja Metsätalousministeriön vuosittaisiin kevätviljojen keskimääräisiin inventaario-satotasoihin maaseutukeskuksissa sekä vastaaviin MTT maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskuksen virallisten lajikekokeiden satotuloksiin Etelä-Suomen ja Pohjanmaan kasvuvyöhykkeillä I-IV. Tutkimuksen yhteenvetona eri osajulkaisuista voidaan päätellä, että uusien korkeasatoisten kevätvehnien (alkuperä Keski-Eurooppa/Skandinavia, viljelykseen otto 1990 jälkeen) non-potentiaalinen keskimääräinen satotaso (yb) ylittää 5 t ha-1 tason 2050-2100 aikavälillä Etelä-Suomessa kun huomioidaan keskilämpötilan ja ilmakehän CO2 pitoisuuden kohoaminen yhdessä viljelytekniikan ja kasvinjalostuken keskimääräistä satotasoa kohottavat tekijät. Tutkimuksen perusteella arvioitiin uusien korkeasatoisten Skandinaavisten kevätvehnälajikkeiden lisäävän keskimäärin 30 miljoona kg/vuosi (+ 60 miljoonaa kg/vuosi käyttäen uusia korkeasatoisia Keski-Eurooppalaisia lajikkeita) Suomen kansallista kevätvehnän kokonaissatoa 2050-2100 aikavälillä yhdessä kohotetun CO2 ja lämpötilatason kanssa laskettuna Suomen keskimääräisestä 600 miljoonan kg/vuosi tuotantotasosta. Vuotuinen kevätvehnän kokonaistuotantotaso vaihtelee kuitenkin voimakkaasti vuosien välillä riippuen voimakkaast kevätvehnän kokoviljelyalasta Suomessa

Spartan Daily, May 11, 1959

Volume 46, Issue 123https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/3902/thumbnail.jp

The 70 S monosome accumulation and in vitro initiation complex formation by Escherichia coli ribosomes at 5 C

The inhibition of translation which is observed after shifting Escherichia coli to low temperature was investigated. 70 S ribosomes were isolated from E. coli 8 hours after a shift to 5 C synthesized protein in the absence of added mRNA (i.e., endogenous protein synthesis by 70 S monosomes) at a rate which was three times greater than the rate of endogenous protein synthesis by 70 S ribosomes which were isolated at the time of the shift to 5 C. Calculations based on the rates of endogenous protein synthesis and polyphenylalanine synthesis indicate that 70 S monosomes comprise only 0.1% of the total E. coli 70 S ribosome population after 8 hours at 5 c. Experiments designed to test initiation complex formation on ApUpG or formaldehyde treated MS-2 viral RNA demonstrated that, although the rate of formation of 30 S initiation complexes was not inhibited, the rate of formation of active 70 S initiation complexes, able to react with puromycin, was inhibited to a great extent at 5 C. A model depicting the effects of low temperature on the E. coli translation system is proposed