4 research outputs found
Soft computing based controllers for automotive air conditioning system with variable speed compressor
The inefficient On/Off control for the compressor operation has long been regarded as the major factor contributing to energy loss and poor cabin temperature control of an automotive air conditioning (AAC) system. In this study, two soft computing based controllers, namely the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based controllers tuned using differential evolution (DE) algorithm and an adaptive neural network based model predictive controller (A-NNMPC), are proposed to be used in the regulation of cabin temperature through proper compressor speed modulation. The implementation of the control schemes in conjunction with DE and neural network aims to improve the AAC performance in terms of reference tracking and power efficiency in comparison to the conventional On/Off operation. An AAC experimental rig equipped with variable speed compressor has been developed for the implementation of the proposed controllers. The dynamics of the AAC system is modelled using a nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) neural network. Based on the plant model, the PID gains are offline optimized using the DE algorithm. Experimental results show that the DE tuned PID based controller gives better tracking performance than the Ziegler-Nichols tuning method. For A-NNMPC, the identified NARX model is incorporated as a predictive model in the control system. It is trained in real time throughout the control process and therefore able to adaptively capture the time varying dynamics of the AAC system. Consequently, optimal performance can be achieved even when the operating point is drifted away from the nominal condition. Finally, the comparative assessment indicates clearly that A-NNMPC outperforms its counterparts, followed by DE tuned PID based controller and the On/Off controller. Both proposed control schemes achieve up to 47% power saving over the On/Off operation, indicating that the proposed control schemes can be potential alternatives to replace the On/Off operation in an AAC system
Composition Prediction of Debutanizer Column using Neural Network
In oil refining industries, debutanizer column is one of the important unit
operations. Debutanizer column is the main column used to produce the main
product in oil refinery process. The online composition prediction of top and bottom
product of debutanizer column using neural network will be an aid to increase
product quality monitoring in oil refining industry. In this work, a single dynamic
neural network model is used in order to achieve the objective which is to generate
composition prediction online of the top and bottom product of debutanizer column.
Neural network is a computing system with several of simple and highly
interconnected processing elements that will process information using their dynamic
state response to external inputs. It is a software based sensor method or known as
“soft sensor” which is a helpful technology that utilizes software techniques to infer
the value of important but difficult-to-measure process variables from available
process variables which are requisite from physical sensor observation or lab
measurements. The neural network development and equation based model for ibutane,
i-pentane, n-butane, n-pentane and propane has been obtained. Then, these
results will be compared with proportional integral derivatives (PID) controller
design to show its supremacy over this method
Soft sensor development and process control of anaerobic digestion
This thesis focuses on soft sensor development based on fuzzy logic used for
real time online monitoring of anaerobic digestion to improve methane output and for
robust fermentation. Important process parameter indicators such as pH, biogas
production, daily difference in pH and daily difference in biogas production were
used to infer alkalinity, a reliable indicator of process stability. Additionally, a fuzzy
logic and a rule-based controller were developed and tested with single stage
anaerobic digesters operating with cow slurry and cellulose. Alkalinity predictions
from the fuzzy logic algorithm were used by both controllers to regulate the organic
loading rate that aimed to optimise the biogas process.
The predictive performance of a software sensor determining alkalinity that
was designed using fuzzy logic and subtractive clustering and was validated against
multiple linear regression models that were developed (Partner N° 2, Rothamsted
Research 2010) for the same purpose. More accurate alkalinity predictions were
achieved by utilizing a fuzzy software sensor designed with less amount of data
compared to a multiple linear regression model whose design was based on a larger
database. Those models were utilised to control the organic loading rate of a twostage,
semi-continuously fed stirred reactor system.
Three 5l reactors without support media and three 5l reactors with different
support media (burst cell reticulated polyurethane foam coarse, burst cell reticulated
polyurethane foam medium and sponge) were operated with cow slurry for a period
of seven weeks and twenty weeks respectively. Reactors with support media were
proven to be more stable than the reactors without support media but did not exhibit
higher gas productivity. Biomass support media were found to influence digester
recovery positively by reducing the recovery period. Optimum process parameter
ranges were identified for reactors with and without support media. Increased biogas
production was found to occur when the loading rates were 3-3.5g VS/l/d and 4-5g
VS/l/d respectively. Optimum pH ranges were identified between 7.1-7.3 and 6.9-7.2
for reactors with and without support media respectively, whereas all reactors
became unstable at ph<6.9. Alkalinity levels for system stability appeared to be
above 3500 mg/l of HCO3
- for reactors without media and 3480 mg/l of HCO3
- for
reactors with support media. Biogas production was maximized when alkalinity was
3
between 3500-4500 mg/l of HCO3
- for reactors without support media and 3480-
4300 mg/l of HCO3
- for reactors with support media. Two fuzzy logic models
predicting alkalinity based on the operation of the three 5l reactors with support
media were developed (FIS I, FIS II). The FIS II design was based on a larger
database than FIS I. FIS II performance when applied to the reactor where sponge
was used as the support media was characterized by quite good MAE and bias
values of 466.53 mg/l of HCO3- and an acceptable value for R2= 0.498. The NMSE
was close to 0 with a value of 0.03 and a slightly higher FB= 0.154 than desired. The
fuzzy system robustness was tested by adding NaHCO3 to the reactor with the burst
cell reticulated polyurethane foam medium and by diluting the reactor where sponge
was used as the support media with water. FIS I and FIS II were able to follow the
system output closely in the first case, but not in the second.
FIS II functionality as an alkalinity predictor was tested through the application
on a 28l cylindrical reactor with sponge as the biomass support media treating cow
manure. If data that was recorded when severe temperature fluctuations occurred
(that highly impact digester performance), are excluded, FIS II performance can be
characterized as good by having R2= 0.54 and MAE=Bias= 587 mg/l of HCO3-.
Predicted alkalinity values followed observed alkalinity values closely during the days
that followed NaHCO3 addition and water dilution. In a second experiment a rulebased
and a Mamdani fuzzy logic controller were developed to regulate the organic
loading rate based on alkalinity predictions from FIS II. They were tested through the
operation of five 6.5l reactors with biomass support media treating cellulose. The
performance indices of MAE=763.57 mg/l of HCO3-, Bias= 398.39 mg/l of HCO3-,
R2= 0.38 and IA= 0.73 indicate a pretty good correlation between predicted and
observed values. However, although both controllers managed to keep alkalinity
within the desired levels suggested for stability (>3480 mg/l of HCO3-), the reactors
did not reach a stable state suggesting that different loading rates should be applied
for biogas systems treating cellulose.New Generation Biogas (NGB