1,723 research outputs found

    Computational techniques to interpret the neural code underlying complex cognitive processes

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    Advances in large-scale neural recording technology have significantly improved the capacity to further elucidate the neural code underlying complex cognitive processes. This thesis aimed to investigate two research questions in rodent models. First, what is the role of the hippocampus in memory and specifically what is the underlying neural code that contributes to spatial memory and navigational decision-making. Second, how is social cognition represented in the medial prefrontal cortex at the level of individual neurons. To start, the thesis begins by investigating memory and social cognition in the context of healthy and diseased states that use non-invasive methods (i.e. fMRI and animal behavioural studies). The main body of the thesis then shifts to developing our fundamental understanding of the neural mechanisms underpinning these cognitive processes by applying computational techniques to ana lyse stable large-scale neural recordings. To achieve this, tailored calcium imaging and behaviour preprocessing computational pipelines were developed and optimised for use in social interaction and spatial navigation experimental analysis. In parallel, a review was conducted on methods for multivariate/neural population analysis. A comparison of multiple neural manifold learning (NML) algorithms identified that non linear algorithms such as UMAP are more adaptable across datasets of varying noise and behavioural complexity. Furthermore, the review visualises how NML can be applied to disease states in the brain and introduces the secondary analyses that can be used to enhance or characterise a neural manifold. Lastly, the preprocessing and analytical pipelines were combined to investigate the neural mechanisms in volved in social cognition and spatial memory. The social cognition study explored how neural firing in the medial Prefrontal cortex changed as a function of the social dominance paradigm, the "Tube Test". The univariate analysis identified an ensemble of behavioural-tuned neurons that fire preferentially during specific behaviours such as "pushing" or "retreating" for the animal’s own behaviour and/or the competitor’s behaviour. Furthermore, in dominant animals, the neural population exhibited greater average firing than that of subordinate animals. Next, to investigate spatial memory, a spatial recency task was used, where rats learnt to navigate towards one of three reward locations and then recall the rewarded location of the session. During the task, over 1000 neurons were recorded from the hippocampal CA1 region for five rats over multiple sessions. Multivariate analysis revealed that the sequence of neurons encoding an animal’s spatial position leading up to a rewarded location was also active in the decision period before the animal navigates to the rewarded location. The result posits that prospective replay of neural sequences in the hippocampal CA1 region could provide a mechanism by which decision-making is supported

    Der Visual Sensory Memory Task: Integration von neuem Wissen und Untersuchung zur Mustertrennung anhand einer neuen Gedächtnisaufgabe mit abstrakten und ähnlichkeits-anpassbaren Stimuli

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    In classical memory tasks, it is often necessary to distinguish between old and new stimuli. Recent studies also use tasks in which stimuli appear that are similar to, but not identical with, familiar stimuli, so-called lures. These tasks were designed to study two postulated sub-functions of memory: Pattern separation and pattern completion. The stimuli are usually pictures of everyday objects, but for which different prior knowledge may influence memory performance and the degree of similarity between two pictures cannot be determined objectively. The Visual Sensory Memory Task (VSMT) developed by Kaernbach and colleagues is a visual pink noise-based task that can be used to construct lure stimuli with precisely quantifiable degrees of similarity. In this dissertation, existing test procedures and the newly developed test are first compared to investigate the validity of the VSMT. Then, the performance of the VSMT is transferred to different age groups to study the reliability of the VSMT, and finally, the neural processes in the hippocampus during memory retrieval are examined. The results of the first experiment demonstrate the validity of the VSMT as a neuropsychological measurement tool to study declarative memory. The second experiment showed that it is possible to perform the VSMT with different age groups and that the performance thereby shows the same profile in all age groups. In addition, it showed the expected better performance of young adults compared to four- to five-year-old children as well as adults over 65 years of age. The results of the third experiment confirm existing findings about the dentate gyrus as the central region of pattern separation and about the CA3 region as the core for the dynamic balance between pattern separation and pattern completion. Furthermore, they point to an involvement of the subiculum in pattern separation

    On the Utility of Representation Learning Algorithms for Myoelectric Interfacing

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    Electrical activity produced by muscles during voluntary movement is a reflection of the firing patterns of relevant motor neurons and, by extension, the latent motor intent driving the movement. Once transduced via electromyography (EMG) and converted into digital form, this activity can be processed to provide an estimate of the original motor intent and is as such a feasible basis for non-invasive efferent neural interfacing. EMG-based motor intent decoding has so far received the most attention in the field of upper-limb prosthetics, where alternative means of interfacing are scarce and the utility of better control apparent. Whereas myoelectric prostheses have been available since the 1960s, available EMG control interfaces still lag behind the mechanical capabilities of the artificial limbs they are intended to steer—a gap at least partially due to limitations in current methods for translating EMG into appropriate motion commands. As the relationship between EMG signals and concurrent effector kinematics is highly non-linear and apparently stochastic, finding ways to accurately extract and combine relevant information from across electrode sites is still an active area of inquiry.This dissertation comprises an introduction and eight papers that explore issues afflicting the status quo of myoelectric decoding and possible solutions, all related through their use of learning algorithms and deep Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. Paper I presents a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for multi-label movement decoding of high-density surface EMG (HD-sEMG) signals. Inspired by the successful use of CNNs in Paper I and the work of others, Paper II presents a method for automatic design of CNN architectures for use in myocontrol. Paper III introduces an ANN architecture with an appertaining training framework from which simultaneous and proportional control emerges. Paper Iv introduce a dataset of HD-sEMG signals for use with learning algorithms. Paper v applies a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model to decode finger forces from intramuscular EMG. Paper vI introduces a Transformer model for myoelectric interfacing that do not need additional training data to function with previously unseen users. Paper vII compares the performance of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to that of classical pattern recognition algorithms. Lastly, paper vIII describes a framework for synthesizing EMG from multi-articulate gestures intended to reduce training burden

    An investigation of entorhinal spatial representations in self-localisation behaviours

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    Spatial-modulated cells of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) and neighbouring cortices are thought to provide the neural substrate for self-localisation behaviours. These cells include grid cells of the MEC which are thought to compute path integration operations to update self-location estimates. In order to read this grid code, downstream cells are thought to reconstruct a positional estimate as a simple rate-coded representation of space. Here, I show the coding scheme of grid cell and putative readout cells recorded from mice performing a virtual reality (VR) linear location task which engaged mice in both beaconing and path integration behaviours. I found grid cells can encode two unique coding schemes on the linear track, namely a position code which reflects periodic grid fields anchored to salient features of the track and a distance code which reflects periodic grid fields without this anchoring. Grid cells were found to switch between these coding schemes within sessions. When grid cells were encoding position, mice performed better at trials that required path integration but not on trials that required beaconing. This result provides the first mechanistic evidence linking grid cell activity to path integration-dependent behaviour. Putative readout cells were found in the form of ramp cells which fire proportionally as a function of location in defined regions of the linear track. This ramping activity was found to be primarily explained by track position rather than other kinematic variables like speed and acceleration. These representations were found to be maintained across both trial types and outcomes indicating they likely result from recall of the track structure. Together, these results support the functional importance of grid and ramp cells for self-localisation behaviours. Future investigations will look into the coherence between these two neural populations, which may together form a complete neural system for coding and decoding self-location in the brain

    Multikernel convolutional neural network for sEMG based hand gesture classification

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    openIl riconoscimento dei gesti della mano è un argomento ampiamente discusso in letteratura, dove vengono analizzate diverse tecniche sia in termini di tipi di segnale in ingresso che di algoritmi. Tra i più utilizzati ci sono i segnali elettromiografici (sEMG), già ampiamente sfruttati nelle applicazioni di interazione uomo-macchina (HMI). Determinare come decodificare le informazioni contenute nei segnali EMG in modo robusto e accurato è un problema chiave per il quale è urgente trovare una soluzione. Recentemente, molti incarichi di riconoscimento dei pattern EMG sono stati affrontati utilizzando metodi di deep learning. Nonostante le elevate prestazioni di questi ultimi, le loro capacità di generalizzazione sono spesso limitate dall'elevata eterogeneità tra i soggetti, l'impedenza cutanea, il posizionamento dei sensori, ecc. Inoltre, poiché questo progetto è focalizzato sull'applicazione in tempo reale di protesi, ci sono maggiori vincoli sui tempi di risposta del sistema che riducono la complessità dei modelli. In questa tesi è stata testata una rete neurale convoluzionale multi-kernel su diversi dataset pubblici per verificare la sua generalizzabilità. Inoltre, è stata analizzata la capacità del modello di superare i limiti inter-soggetto e inter-sessione in giorni diversi, preservando i vincoli legati a un sistema embedded. I risultati confermano le difficoltà incontrate nell'estrazione di informazioni dai segnali emg; tuttavia, dimostrano la possibilità di ottenere buone prestazioni per un uso robusto di mani prostetiche. Inoltre, è possibile ottenere prestazioni migliori personalizzando il modello con tecniche di transfer learning e di adattamento al dominio.Hand gesture recognition is a widely discussed topic in the literature, where different techniques are analyzed in terms of both input signal types and algorithms. Among the most widely used are electromyographic signals (sEMG), which are already widely exploited in human-computer interaction (HMI) applications. Determining how to decode the information contained in EMG signals robustly and accurately is a key problem for which a solution is urgently needed. Recently, many EMG pattern recognition tasks have been addressed using deep learning methods. Despite their high performance, their generalization capabilities are often limited by high heterogeneity among subjects, skin impedance, sensor placement, etc. In addition, because this project is focused on the real-time application of prostheses, there are greater constraints on the system response times that reduce the complexity of the models. In this thesis, a multi-kernel convolutional neural network was tested on several public datasets to verify its generalizability. In addition, the model's ability to overcome inter-subject and inter-session constraints on different days while preserving the constraints associated with an embedded system was analyzed. The results confirm the difficulties encountered in extracting information from emg signals; however, they demonstrate the possibility of achieving good performance for robust use of prosthetic hands. In addition, better performance can be achieved by customizing the model with transfer learning and domain-adaptationtechniques

    Revealing More Details: Image Super-Resolution for Real-World Applications

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    Towards trustworthy computing on untrustworthy hardware

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    Historically, hardware was thought to be inherently secure and trusted due to its obscurity and the isolated nature of its design and manufacturing. In the last two decades, however, hardware trust and security have emerged as pressing issues. Modern day hardware is surrounded by threats manifested mainly in undesired modifications by untrusted parties in its supply chain, unauthorized and pirated selling, injected faults, and system and microarchitectural level attacks. These threats, if realized, are expected to push hardware to abnormal and unexpected behaviour causing real-life damage and significantly undermining our trust in the electronic and computing systems we use in our daily lives and in safety critical applications. A large number of detective and preventive countermeasures have been proposed in literature. It is a fact, however, that our knowledge of potential consequences to real-life threats to hardware trust is lacking given the limited number of real-life reports and the plethora of ways in which hardware trust could be undermined. With this in mind, run-time monitoring of hardware combined with active mitigation of attacks, referred to as trustworthy computing on untrustworthy hardware, is proposed as the last line of defence. This last line of defence allows us to face the issue of live hardware mistrust rather than turning a blind eye to it or being helpless once it occurs. This thesis proposes three different frameworks towards trustworthy computing on untrustworthy hardware. The presented frameworks are adaptable to different applications, independent of the design of the monitored elements, based on autonomous security elements, and are computationally lightweight. The first framework is concerned with explicit violations and breaches of trust at run-time, with an untrustworthy on-chip communication interconnect presented as a potential offender. The framework is based on the guiding principles of component guarding, data tagging, and event verification. The second framework targets hardware elements with inherently variable and unpredictable operational latency and proposes a machine-learning based characterization of these latencies to infer undesired latency extensions or denial of service attacks. The framework is implemented on a DDR3 DRAM after showing its vulnerability to obscured latency extension attacks. The third framework studies the possibility of the deployment of untrustworthy hardware elements in the analog front end, and the consequent integrity issues that might arise at the analog-digital boundary of system on chips. The framework uses machine learning methods and the unique temporal and arithmetic features of signals at this boundary to monitor their integrity and assess their trust level
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