On 5G Projects for Urban Railways

The paper is devoted to 5G project proposal for urban railways. It is obvious, that all the developments in 2018 should follow the digital railway model. As per the European Commission, it means the creation of connected railways by providing reliable connectivity for safe, efficient and attractive railways, enhancing customer experience, value added for customers, increased capacity by enhanced reliability, efficiency, and performance of railways, and making the most of transport data. For all the above-mentioned goals, the connectivity presents a foundation allowing the digital transformation of railways. Therefore, 5G deployment here could be a critical issue. As a practical example, we discuss the upcoming Moscow urban railways project

Wireless Communication Systems for Urban Transport

This chapter describes the main features of the wireless communication systems of urban rail and related applications. The perspective will be complete: application, network and physical layers will be discussed. Moreover, to properly address some of the challenges that these systems face, we will provide a deep insight into propagation issues related to tunnels and urban areas. Finally, a detailed survey on the directions of research on all these topics will be provided

Evaluation of low temperature waste heat as a low carbon heat resource in the UK

The capture and transport of waste heat represents a great opportunity for the decarbonisation of heat supply in buildings. To date, mostly high temperature waste heat has been reused and reported. However, with the recent advent of low and ambient temperature (4th and 5th generation) district energy networks, there is scope for the recovery and utilisation of heat from a range of novel, low temperature sources. The current study represents one of the first attempts to quantify the size of this opportunity, with particular focus in the UK, and complements the few previous attempts at estimating low temperature waste heat by focussing on a range of novel sources. The approach used was to evaluate a number of low temperature waste heat sources to determine: (a) the annual quantity of waste heat generated; and (b) the temperature(s) of the waste heat, for each heat source. In many cases, this was achieved using methodology and assumptions derived from the authors’ earlier investigations. The relative merits and potential of each heat source are also discussed, with respect to location, proximity to end users, need for upgrade using a heat pump, continuity of supply and distribution options for reuse, for example by using district energy networks with different operating temperatures. The total quantity of waste heat energy identified from the heat sources considered in this study, for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, was estimated to be 572 TWh.a−1, which would represent 132% of the total energy consumption for heat in these countries (432 TWh.a−1). Although this study focused on the UK potential for low temperature waste heat, the estimation methods developed and resulting analysis are generic and could also be applied in the context of other countries

Digitalisation For Sustainable Infrastructure: The Road Ahead

In today’s tumultuous and fast-changing times, digitalisation and technology are game changers in a wide range of sectors and have a tremendous impact on infrastructure. Roads, railways, electricity grids, aviation, and maritime transport are deeply affected by the digital and technological transition, with gains in terms of competitiveness, cost-reduction, and safety. Digitalisation is also a key tool for fostering global commitment towards sustainability, but the race for digital infrastructure is also a geopolitical one. As the world’s largest economies are starting to adopt competitive strategies, a level playing field appears far from being agreed upon. Why are digitalisation and technology the core domains of global geopolitical competition? How are they changing the way infrastructure is built, operated, and maintained? To what extent will road, rail, air, and maritime transport change by virtue of digitalisation, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things? How to enhance cyber protection for critical infrastructure? What are the EU’s, US’ and China’s digital strategies?Publishe

Cooperative and coordinated Mobile Femtocells technology in high-speed vehicular environments: mobility and interference management

In future networks, most users who will be accessing wireless broadband will be vehicular. Serving those users cost-effectively and improving their signal quality has been the main concern of many studies. Thus, the deployment of Mobile Femtocell (Mobile-Femto) technology on public transportation is seen to be one of the promising solutions. Mobile-Femto comes with its mobility and interference challenges. Therefore, eliminating the Vehicular Penetration Loss (VPL) and interference while improving signal quality and mobility for train passengers is the main concern of this paper. The initial system-level evaluation showed that the dedicated Mobile-Femto deployment has great potential in improving users’ experience inside public transportation. The Downlink (DL) results of the Proposed Interference Management Scheme (PIMS) showed significant improvement in Mobile-Femto User Equipment (UE) gains (up to 50%) without impacting the performance of macro UEs. In contrast, the Uplink (UL) results showed noticeable gains for both macro UEs and Mobile-Femto UEs

Architecture, Protocols, and Algorithms for Location-Aware Services in Beyond 5G Networks

The automotive and railway industries are rapidly transforming with a strong drive towards automation and digitalization, with the goal of increased convenience, safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Since assisted and fully automated automotive and train transport services increasingly rely on vehicle-to-everything communications, and high-accuracy real-time positioning, it is necessary to continuously maintain high-accuracy localization, even in occlusion scenes such as tunnels, urban canyons, or areas covered by dense foliage. In this paper, we review the 5G positioning framework of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project in terms of methods and architecture and propose enhancements to meet the stringent requirements imposed by the transport industry. In particular, we highlight the benefit of fusing cellular and sensor measurements and discuss required architecture and protocol support for achieving this at the network side. We also propose a positioning framework to fuse cellular network measurements with measurements by onboard sensors. We illustrate the viability of the proposed fusion-based positioning approach using a numerical example.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in IEEE Communications Standards Magazin

Towards the Internet of Smart Trains: A Review on Industrial IoT-Connected Railways

[Abstract] Nowadays, the railway industry is in a position where it is able to exploit the opportunities created by the IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) and enabling communication technologies under the paradigm of Internet of Trains. This review details the evolution of communication technologies since the deployment of GSM-R, describing the main alternatives and how railway requirements, specifications and recommendations have evolved over time. The advantages of the latest generation of broadband communication systems (e.g., LTE, 5G, IEEE 802.11ad) and the emergence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for the railway environment are also explained together with the strategic roadmap to ensure a smooth migration from GSM-R. Furthermore, this survey focuses on providing a holistic approach, identifying scenarios and architectures where railways could leverage better commercial IIoT capabilities. After reviewing the main industrial developments, short and medium-term IIoT-enabled services for smart railways are evaluated. Then, it is analyzed the latest research on predictive maintenance, smart infrastructure, advanced monitoring of assets, video surveillance systems, railway operations, Passenger and Freight Information Systems (PIS/FIS), train control systems, safety assurance, signaling systems, cyber security and energy efficiency. Overall, it can be stated that the aim of this article is to provide a detailed examination of the state-of-the-art of different technologies and services that will revolutionize the railway industry and will allow for confronting today challenges.Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; ED431C 2016-045Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; ED341D R2016/012Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; ED431G/01Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España); TEC2013-47141-C4-1-RAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España); TEC2015-69648-REDCAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España); TEC2016-75067-C4-1-

Equity research - ACS, actividades de construcción y servicios

Mestrado Bolonha em FinançasACS, ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCIÓN Y SERVICIOS, S.A ("ACS") is the largest Spanish company and one of the largest in the world in the construction industry with over €34 billion in revenue in 2022. Behind the success of this Spanish giant, there is a name: Florentino Pérez. After more than 20 years as CEO of the company, Juan Cases was appointed as Pérez's successor. To analyze the company, various methods were used including DDM, Multiples, FCFF, and FCFE. The buy recommendation is based on the FCFF model, with a target price of €36.69, representing a potential appreciation of 19.5% over the current price of €30.70, with medium risk. The undervaluation of the company is primarily due to three factors: i) The construction industry is unattractive and has low returns compared to the constant media hype around emerging industries with greater potential such as biotechnology and artificial intelligence. ii) Although Pérez continues to be part of the board of directors, the appointment of the new CEO to lead the company brings uncertainties as Pérez's reign brought growth and prosperity to the company. iii) The current macroeconomic environment makes investors more averse to investing in cyclical companies whose margins are highly affected by inflation and rising interest rates. The industry may face various challenges in the medium term, but ACS is prepared to face them as the market leader it is. Debt reduction, dividend stability, and diversification of income sources are the main focal points for the new CEO.ACS, ACTIVIDADES DE CONSTRUCCIÓN Y SERVICIOS, S.A (“ACS”) é a maior empresa espanhola e uma das maiores no mundo no ramo da construção com mais de €34bn em receita em 2022. Por detrás do sucesso deste colosso espanhol, existe um nome: Florentino Pérez. Após mais de 20 anos como CEO da empresa, Juan Cases foi nomeado sucessor do reinado de Pérez. Para analisar a empresa vários métodos foram utilizados incluindo DDM, Multiples, FCFF e FCFE. A recomendação de compra é baseada no modelo FCFF, com um preço-alvo de €36.69, representando uma valorização potencial de 19.5% sobre o preço atual de €30.70, com médio risco. A subvalorização da empresa deve-se essencialmente a três fatores: i) A indústria da construção é desinteressante e com retornos baixos face ao constante bombardeamento pelos media de indústrias emergentes com maior potencial como biotecnologia e inteligência artificial; ii) Apesar de Pérez continuar a fazer parte do conselho de administração, a nomeação do novo CEO para comandar a empresa traz incertezas aquando do reinado de Pérez trouxe crescimento e prosperidade para a empresa; iii) O atual enquadramento macroeconómico torna os investidores extra avessos a investir em empresas cíclicas e cujas margens sejam altamente prejudicadas pela inflação e pela subida das taxas de juro A indústria pode ter no médio-prazo diversos desafios para enfrentar, mas a ACS está preparada a enfrentá-los como o líder de mercado que é. Redução da divida, fixação de dividendos e diversificação das suas fontes de rendimento são os principais pontos de foco do novo CEO.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Transmission-Based Signaling Systems

In this chapter, we describe the principal communication systems applied to the transmission-based signaling (TBS) systems for railways. Typical examples are communication-based train control (CBTC), European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), and distance to go (DTG). Moreover, to properly address some of the challenges that need to face these systems, we will provide a deep insight on propagation issues related to all the environments (urban, suburban, rural, tunnel, etc.). We will highlight all the communication-related issues and the operational as well. Finally, a detailed survey on the directions of research on all these topics is provided, in order to properly cover this interesting subject. In this research, hot topics like virtual coupling are explained as well