Design of Antenna System to harvest RF Energy for Generating Electricity

Electromagnetic energy harvesting holds a promising future for energizing low power devices in wireless communication circuits. Here we present a RF energy harvesting system that can harvest energy from the ambient surroundings from the radio frequency of 1.42 GHZ to 2.28 GHZ. The harvesting system is aimed to provide an alternative source for generating electricity. The system design consists of a high gain square shaped patch antenna, a RF-DC conversion module and a battery. For a received signal gain (max) of 32.15dBm (1.64 W) at the antenna modules produce a DC output voltage of 6.5 V across 100 k? load. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15016

Inkjet printed circuits on fibrous substrates for environmentally-friendly radio-frequency electronics applications

Additive printing technology like inkjet printing provides the ability to increase the circuit fabrication speed and possibility to implement the desired circuit on unconventional substrates such as wood and paper. It is tempting to utilize paper based substrate in the realization of electronic devices since it is really low-cost, recyclable, available everywhere and compatible with inkjet printing technology. The fabrication of environmentally-friendly and low-cost products is one of the main goals in any manufacturing fields which might not be feasible using every technologies or techniques. This demand can be fulfilled by exploiting paper as the substrate and inkjet printing as the fabrication technique. Moreover, power consumed by a device is one of the most important parameters especially for wireless and mobile applications. Power consumption reduction is a really challenging procedure in many circuits; thus, preparing the desired supply power from useless sources can be a practical alternative. The absorption of the energy of the useless transmitted electromagnetics signals in different frequency bands is so called power-harvesting. In this project the whole procedure in order to fabricate an antenna for the power-harvesting application using inkjet printing technology on fibrous paper based substrate has been investigated. For this purpose electrical parameters of cardboard and silver ink which are used as the substrate and conductor, respectively, were extracted. Then, according to the demands the required antenna was designed, simulated and fabricated

Capture opportuniste d'énergie micro-onde pour l'autonomie des objets communicants

In recent years, the decrease of electronic components consumption has led to the development of wireless devices. An interesting application concerns Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Sensors are used in various scenarios such as intelligent monitoring systems for office, home automation, medical or military applications. Today these sensors are powered by batteries. Despite significant progress, batteries still have a limited lifetime and their replacement is often complicated. This explains the motivation to find alternative ways to power these objects. A promising method consists in harvesting energy from the ambient environment of the sensor nodes. For instance, thermal gradients, mechanical vibrations, light or electromagnetic waves could serve such a purpose. This thesis has been funded by PRACOM and has been held in this context. The thesis aim is to contribute to the development of innovative solutions to design self-powered sensor networks particularly by exploiting the energy of Radio Frequency (RF) waves. These sensors are located in ambient environment, i.e. an environment for which the RF power densities are not controlled and generally low. First of all, different sources and energy harvesting techniques have been investigated. This study helps to position the RF energy harvesting to other systems such as the mechanical, thermal, chemical, photovoltaic energy. After having demonstrated the added value of harvesting energy over a wide frequency band, a statistical study has been conducted to evaluate the RF power density in urban environment and countryside. The sensor environment involves choices for the chosen architecture, such as the addition of an energy storage cell or the use of a dc-dc converter. Several multi-band RF harvesters have been designed and tested in various environments. They show the feasibility of powering small sensors. The issue of autonomous sensors worn by the person is also addressed. The study highlights how the presence of the human body has an impact on RF harvester performance. Several solutions are proposed such as the improvement of the impedance matching network or the use of a high impedance surface.Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN: Wireless Sensor Network), l'Internet des objets (IOT), profitent des progrès récents en terme de consommation énergétique pour concevoir des entités de contrôle intelligentes. Les batteries ou piles ont permis le développement de ces systèmes en les rendant autonomes. Néanmoins, cette méthode d'alimentation est inadaptée pour les applications modernes. Une solution alternative pour alimenter ces capteurs est d'utiliser l'énergie disponible dans leur environnement, comme par exemple les gradients thermiques, les vibrations mécaniques, ou encore les ondes lumineuses ou Radio-Fréquences. C'est dans ce contexte que s'est déroulé ce travail de thèse financé par PRACOM. Cette thèse propose de contribuer au developpement de solutions innovantes visant à rendre autonome en énergie un réseau de capteurs en exploitant notamment l'énergie des ondes Radio-Fréquences (RF). Ces capteurs sont placés en environnement ambiant, c'est-à-dire dans un environnement pour lequel les densités de puissances incidentes ne sont pas maîtrisées et sont généralement faibles. Tout d'abord différentes sources et techniques de récupération d'énergie ont été étudiées comme l'énergie mécanique, thermique, chimique et celle des ondes lumineuses et Radio-Fréquences. Cette étude a permis de positionner les systèmes de récupération d'énergie des ondes Radio Fréquences par rapport aux autres systèmes. Après avoir démontré l'intérêt de collecter l'énergie sur une large bande de fréquence, une étude statistique a été menée sur l'évaluation de la densité de puissance RF présente dans un environnement urbain et à la campagne. L'environnement du capteur implique des choix pour l'architecture choisie, comme par exemple l'ajout de cellule de stockage d'énergie ou encore l'utilisation d'un convertisseur dc-dc. Plusieurs récupérateurs d'énergie RF multibandes ont été conçus et testés dans divers environnements. Ceux-ci montrent la faisabilité d'alimenter des petits capteurs en extérieur. La problématique des capteurs autonomes en énergie portés par la personne est également abordée. Il s'agit de voir comment la présence du corps humain a un retentissement sur les performances du système de récupération d'énergie RF. Plusieurs solutions sont proposées comme l'amélioration du réseau d'adaptation d'impédances du récupérateur d'énergie RF, ou encore l'utilisation d'une surface à hautes impédances

Power delivery mechanisms for asynchronous loads in energy harvesting systems

PhD ThesisFor systems depending on methods, a fundamental contradiction in the power delivery chain has existed between conventional to supply it. DC/DC conversion (e.g.) has therefore been an integral part of such systems to resolve this contradiction. be made tolerant to a much wider range of Vdd variance. This may open up opportunities for much more energy efficient methods of power delivery. performance of different power delivery mechanisms driving both asynchronous and synchronous loads directly from a harvester source bypassing bulky energy method, which employs a energy from a EH circuit depending on load and source conditions, is developed. through comprehensive comparative analysis. Based on the novel CBB power delivery method, an asynchronous controller is circuits to work with tasks. The successful asynchronous control design drives a case study that is meant to explore relations between power path and task path. To deal with different tasks with variable harvested power, systems may have a range of operation conditions and thus dynamically call for CBB or SCC type power set of capacitors to form CBB or SCC is implemented with economic system size. This work presents an unconventional way of designing a compact-size, quick- circuit overcome large voltage variation in EH systems and implement smart power management for harsh EH environment. The power delivery mechanisms (SCC, employed to help asynchronous- logic-based chip testing and micro-scale EH system demonstrations