Seismic Velocity Structure in and around the Japanese Island Arc Derived from Seismic Tomography Including NIED MOWLAS Hi-net and S-net Data

Japanese Islands are composed of four plates, with two oceanic plates subducting beneath the two continental plates. In 2016 the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) Seafloor Observation Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis along the Japan Trench (S-net) started seismic observation of the offshore Hokkaido to Boso region in the Pacific Ocean, and Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis (DONET) was transferred to NIED. We add the NIED S-net and DONET datasets to NIED high-sensitivity seismograph network (Hi-net) and full range seismograph network (F-net) datasets used in the previous study and obtain the three-dimensional seismic velocity structure beneath the Pacific Ocean as well as Japanese Islands. NIED S-net data dramatically improve the resolution beneath the Pacific Ocean at depths of 10–20 km because the seismic stations are located above the earthquakes and on the east side of the Japan Trench. We find a NS high-Vp zone at depths of 20–30 km. The 2018 Eastern Iburi earthquake occurred below the northern part of this high-V zone. The coseismic slip plane of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake has low Vp/Vs, but its large slip region has high Vp. The broad low-Vp/Vs region may play a role in large earthquake occurrence

The elasticity problem for a thick-walled cylinder containing a circumferential crack

The elasticity problem for a long hollow circular cylinder containing an axisymmetric circumferential crack subjected to general nonaxisymmetric external loads is considered. The problem is formulated in terms of a system of singular integral equations with the Fourier coefficients of the derivative of the crack surface displacement as density functions. The stress intensity factors and the crack opening displacement are calculated for a cylinder under uniform tension, bending by end couples, and self-equilibrating residual stresses

Transient thermal stress problem for a circumferentially cracked hollow cylinder

The transient thermal stress problem for a hollow elasticity cylinder containing an internal circumferential edge crack is considered. It is assumed that the problem is axisymmetric with regard to the crack geometry and the loading, and that the inertia effects are negligible. The problem is solved for a cylinder which is suddenly cooled from inside. First the transient temperature and stress distributions in an uncracked cylinder are calculated. By using the equal and opposite of this thermal stress as the crack surface traction in the isothermal cylinder the crack problem is then solved and the stress intensity factor is calculated. The numerical results are obtained as a function of the Fourier number tD/b(2) representing the time for various inner-to-outer radius ratios and relative crack depths, where D and b are respectively the coefficient of diffusivity and the outer radius of the cylinder

Nied, Siegfreid (1844 - 1929)

This biographical summary was created by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) between 1936 and 1939

Efeito de uma infusão de Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni na desmineralização do esmalte e na formação do biofilme dentário – um estudo in situ

A redução do consumo de açúcar e sua substituição por adoçantes não calóricos é considerada uma abordagem útil para a prevenção da cárie, pois é de extrema importância o uso de substâncias que possam modificar a cariogenicidade desse biofilme. Estudos mostram que a planta da espécie Stevia rebaudiana pode modificar a cariogenicidade do biofilme, mas o mecanismo não é bem compreendido. O objetivo deste estudo in situ foi avaliar o efeito de uma infusão de Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni na desmineralização do esmalte e na formação do biofilme dental. Em um estudo cruzado, onze voluntários adultos utilizaram um dispositivo intrabucal palatino contendo 4 blocos de esmalte dental bovino, em 3 fases de 7 dias cada. Sobre esses blocos de esmalte foram gotejadas em horários pré-estabelecidos 2 soluções: sacarose 20% na frequência de 8X/dia e outra solução, de tratamento na frequência de 2X/dia, podendo ser uma solução Stevia 5%, Clorexidina 0,12% (CHX) ou Cloreto de Sódio 0,9% (NaCl). Entre cada fase experimental foi adotada 1 semana de wash-out. Ao final de cada fase experimental, o biofilme formado sobre os blocos dentais foi coletado e analisado em relação a sua composição microbiológica [contagem de Streptococcus mutans (SM), Lactobacillus spp. (LB), Candida albicans (CA) e microorganismos totais (MT) (UFC/mg)], sua composição bioquímica em termos de quantificação de Polissacarídeos Extracelulares solúvel (PECS) e insolúvel (PECI)(μg/mg) e avaliado qualitativamente por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. O percentual de perda de dureza superficial (%PDS) dos blocos de esmalte também foi avaliado. Todos os desfechos foram analisados através de ANOVA a um nível de 5% de significância. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre Stevia, CHX e NaCl para PECS (13,7a ±14,9; 15,1a ±15; 13,2a ±10,8; respectivamente), PECI (28,6a ±27,3; 22a ±21,1; 24,8a ±17,4; respectivamente), SM (2,8x104a ±7x104; 4,1x103a ±1,2x104; 7,2x103a ±1,8x104; respectivamente), LB (8x105a ±1,2x106; 3,3x105a ±7,3x105; 8,6x105a ±1,7x106; respectivamente), CA (8,9x105a ±2x106; 1,9x104a ±4,3x104; 1,9x105a ±2,6x105; respectivamente) e TM (8,1x107a ±1,5x108; 3,9x107a ±6,6x107; 1,2x107a ±1,7x107; respectivamente). O %PDS encontrado na presença de CHX foi estatisticamente menor que o NaCl. O %PDS na presença de Stevia foi considerado intermediário entre ambos (-7,4a ±12; -33,4b ±29,5; -22,1ab ±28,8; respectivamente). As evidências observadas no presente estudo, sugerem que a utilização de Stevia em situação de alto desafio cariogênico tem pouco efeito na modificação da cariogenicidade do biofilme e na progressão da lesão cariosaThe reduction of sugar consumption and its substitution by non-caloric sweeteners is considered a useful approach for the prevention of caries, since it is extremely important to use substances that can modify the cariogenicity of this biofilm. Studies have shown that Stevia rebaudiana can modify the cariogenicity of the biofilm, but the mechanism is not well understood. The objective of this in situ study was to evaluate the effect of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni infusion on enamel demineralization and on dental biofilm formation. In a cross-over desing, eleven adult volunteers used a palatal intraoral device containing 4 slabs of bovine enamel, in 3 phases of 7 days each. On these enamel slabs were dripped, at pre-set times, 2 solutions: sucrose 20% at the frequency of 8X/day and another solution, at a frequency of 2X/day, which was Stevia infusion 5%, 0,12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) or 0,9% Sodium Chloride (NaCl). Between each experimental phase was adopted 1 week of wash-out. At the end of each experimental phase, the biofilm formed on the slabs was collected and analyzed for microbiological composition [counts of Streptococcus mutans (SM), Lactobacillus spp. (LB), Candida albicans (CA) and total microorganisms (TM) (CFU/mg)], biochemical composition in terms of quantification of extracellular soluble (SEPS) and insoluble polysaccharides (IEPS)(μg/mg) and qualitatively assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL) was evaluated on enamel slabs. All the outcomes were analyzed by ANOVA at a level of 5% of significance. No differences were found among Stevia, CHX and NaCl for SEPS (13,7a ±14,9; 15,1a ±15; 13,2a ±10,8; respectively), IEPS (28,6a ±27,3; 22a ±21,1; 24,8a ±17,4; respectively), SM (2,8x104 a ±7x104; 4,1x103 a ±1,2x104; 7,2x103 a ±1,8x104; respectively), LB (8x105a ±1,2x106; 3,3x105a ±7,3x105; 8,6x105a ±1,7x106; respectively), CA (8,9x105a ±2x106; 1,9x104a ±4,3x104; 1,9x105a ±2,6x105; respectively) and TM (8,1x107a ±1,5x108; 3,9x107a ±6,6x107; 1,2x107a ±1,7x107; respectively). The %SHL found in the presence of CHX was statistically lower than NaCl. The %SHL in the presence of Stevia was considered intermediate between them (-7,4a ±12; -33,4b ±29,5; -22,1ab ±28,8; respectively). The evidences observed in the present study suggest that the use of Stevia in situations of high cariogenic challenge has little effect on the modification of biofilm cariogenicity and on the progression of the carious lesio

New Nurse Residency - An Evidence Based Approach

Nurse educators believe that their graduates are well-prepared for entry level positions in nursing. In the acute healthcare setting, new graduates are placed on virtually every type of nursing unit, including critical care. Employers have developed formal orientations to familiarize new graduate nurses new with the institution and its policies and procedures and to teach the things employers believe new RNs need to know but do not, either because they were never taught the material or they have not retained it. The purposes of this project were to (a) examine the evidence relative to a disconnect between nursing education and nursing practice, (b) design a formal residency program for new graduates based on the evidence, and (c) implement and evaluate the residency program. Based on the evidence, a 16-week new nurse residency was developed in which Residents were each assigned both a Preceptor and Mentor to assist their progress. Weekly educational offerings were targeted at specific competency deficits identified by Residents, Preceptors and Mentors at the beginning of the residency program. Seven out of the original 10 Residents completed the Residency. Pre-residency, the Residents were very confident of their clinical skills and abilities and this was unchanged post-residency. The Preceptors and Mentors were much less confident of the clinical skills and abilities of the Residents pre-residency. Post-residency, the confidence level of the Preceptors and Mentors was improved, but significantly so only for the Mentors. It is imperative that nursing administrators be aware of the discrepancy between the confidence new nurses have in their own skills and the perceptions of the nurses who work side by side with them on a daily basis. Residencies for new graduate nurses are costly. Nursing administrators must make the determination if the benefits outweigh the costs. They may find the results of not having a residency are far more costly

Hybrid Analog and Digital Precoding: From Practical RF System Models to Information Theoretic Bounds

Hybrid analog-digital precoding is a key millimeter wave access technology, where an antenna array with reduced number of radio frequency (RF) chains is used with an RF precoding matrix to increase antenna gain at a reasonable cost. However, digital and RF precoder algorithms must be accompa- nied by a detailed system model of the RF precoder. In this work, we provide fundamental RF system models for these precoders, and show their impact on achievable rates. We show that hybrid precoding systems suffer from significant degradation, once the limitations of RF precoding network are accounted. We subsequently quantify this performance degradation, and use it as a reference for comparing the performance of different precoding methods. These results indicate that hybrid precoders must be redesigned (and their rates recomputed) to account for practical factors.Comment: Accepted in Globecom 16 W

Is General Negligence the New Exception to the Florida Impact Rule?

The impact rule is an ancient torts doctrine that precludes recovery for emotional distress unless the victim has been physically impacted by the tortfeasor and the emotional distress grew out of that physical impact. American courts widely adopted the impact rule and it persists in a handful of states to this day. Courts give several reasons for denying these negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) claims and these reasons fall into three broad categories: judicial efficiency, evidence concerns, and foreseeability. This paper proposes that Florida abrogate the impact rule and switch to using a general negligence approach for NIED claims. First, this paper gives an overview of the current state of the Florida impact rule, its exceptions, and why the rule exists. This overview shows that the policy benefits that justify the impact rule do not flow from the rule itself. Next, this paper discusses the impact rules as they stand in the four other states that still cling to them. Comparison of these jurisdictions with Florida reveals that Florida’s impact rule is the least restrictive, appearing more like a general negligence analysis. With this background in mind, discussion of Kentucky’s recent abrogation of the impact rule and Tennessee’s overruling of the physical manifestation rule shows that foreseeability is the true core of the impact rule. Lastly, analysis of impact rule cases under a general negligence approach shows Florida already functionally uses general negligence principles in NIED claims. Thus, there is no loss in abrogating the impact rule because Florida is functionally already there

The Future of Emotional Harm

Why should tort law treat claims for emotional harm as a second-class citizen? Judicial skepticism about these claims is long entrenched, justified by an amalgam of perceived problems ranging from proof difficulties for causation and the need to constrain fraudulent claims, to the ubiquity of the injury, and a concern about open-ended liability. To address this jumble of justifications, the law has developed a series of duty limitations to curb the claims and preclude them from reaching the jury for individualized analysis. The limited duty approach to emotional harm is maintained by the latest iteration of the Restatement (Third) of Torts. This Article argues that many of the justifications for curtailing this tort have been discredited by scientific developments. In particular, the rapid advances in neuroscience give greater insight into the changes that occur in the brain from emotional harm. Limited duty tests should no longer be used as proxies for validity or justified by the presumed untrustworthiness of the claim. Instead, validity evidence for emotional harm claims—like evidence of physical harm—should be entrusted to juries. This approach will reassert the jury’s role as the traditional factfinder, promote corrective justice and deterrence values, and lead to greater equity for negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) claimants. The traditional limitations on tort recovery, including the rules of evidence and causation, are more than adequate to avoid opening the floodgates to emotional distress claims

The Future of Emotional Harm

Why should tort law treat claims for emotional harm as a second-class citizen? Judicial skepticism about these claims is long entrenched, justified by an amalgam of perceived problems ranging from proof difficulties for causation and the need to constrain fraudulent claims, to the ubiquity of the injury, and a concern about open-ended liability. To address this jumble of justifications, the law has developed a series of duty limitations to curb the claims and preclude them from reaching the jury for individualized analysis. The limited duty approach to emotional harm is maintained by the latest iteration of the Restatement (Third) of Torts. This Article argues that many of the justifications for curtailing this tort have been discredited by scientific developments. In particular, the rapid advances in neuroscience give greater insight into the changes that occur in the brain from emotional harm. Limited duty tests should no longer be used as proxies for validity or justified by the presumed untrustworthiness of the claim. Instead, validity evidence for emotional harm claims—like evidence of physical harm—should be entrusted to juries. This approach will reassert the jury’s role as the traditional factfinder, promote corrective justice and deterrence values, and lead to greater equity for negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) claimants. The traditional limitations on tort recovery, including the rules of evidence and causation, are more than adequate to avoid opening the floodgates to emotional distress claims