Jenis Kupu-kupu Pengunjung Bunga Mussaenda dan Asoka di Kawasan Cagar Alam Gunung Sibela Pulau Bacan

Musaenda dan Asoka merupakan salah satu tanaman hostplant dan sekaligus foodplant bagi kupu-kupu di Gunung Sibela. Hostplant adalah tumbuhan inang yang menjadi makanan larva dan foodplant adalah tumbuhan yang menjadi makanan kupu-kupu dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis kupu-kupu yang mengunjungi tanaman mussaenda dan asoka di kawasan cagar alam gunung Sibela pulau Bacan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah direct sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lokasi dataran rendah (20 mdpl) ditemukan 10 spesies kupu-kupu pengunjung tanaman mussaenda dan asoka, 5 genus, 2 famili. Kupu-kupu pengunjung tanaman mussaenda di dataran rendah yaitu: Ornithopthera croesus, Papilio ulysses, Papilio deiphobus, Papilio lorquinianus gelia, Troides hypolitus, Troides criton, Graphium milon, Graphium codrus dan Hebomoia glaucippe sulphure. Kupu-kupu pengunjung tanaman asoka di dataran rendah yaitu: Ornithopthera croesus, Papilio ulysses, Papilio fuscus lapathus dan Troides hypolitus. Pada lokasi dataran tinggi (400 mdpl) ditemukan 9 spesies kupu-kupu pengunjung tanaman mussaenda dan asoka, 5 genus, 2 famili. Kupu-kupu pengunjung tanaman mussaenda di dataran tinggi yaitu: Ornithopthera croesus, Papilio ulysses, Papilio deiphobus, Papilio lorquinianus gelia, Troides hypolitus, Troides criton, Graphium milon, dan Hebomoia glaucippe sulphurea, sedangkan kupu-kupu pengunjung tanaman asoka di dataran tinggi yaitu: Papilio ulysses, Papilio fuscus lapathus dan Troides hypolitus

Clay Mask Papilak (Mussaenda frondosa L.) terhadap Bakteri Penyebab Acne Vulgaris

ABSTRAKDaun papilak (Mussaenda frondosa L.) oleh masyarakat dayak digunakan sebagai masker wajah untuk memperhalus kulit. Pada penelitian ini daun papilak dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan clay mask. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ekstrak etanol daun papilak mengandung metabolit sekunder alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, steroid dan tanin. Ekstrak etanol daun papilak dan clay mask daun papilak mempunyai sifat fisik yang baik namun dari segi efektifitas terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat (S.aureus, S. epidermidis dan P.acnes) seluruhnya memiliki interpretasi resisten jika dibandingkan dengan klindamisin pada pedoman CLSI. Kontrol positif clay mask juga memiliki interpretasi resisten. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa clay mask daun papilak ini tidak efektif untuk mengatasi jerawat, namun dikarenakan masih minim penelitian tentang  Mussaenda frondosa maka perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan dengan mengubah metode ekstraksi ataupun pelarut sebagai data pembanding.   Kata kunci : Acne; Clay Mask; Kalimantan Tengah; Mussaenda frondosa;Papilak.ABSTRACTPapilak (Mussaenda frondosa L.) leaves are used by local people as a face masks to soften the skin. In this study, papilak leaves were made into clay mask. The result showed an ethanolic extract of papilak leaves contains secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. Ethanolic extract of papilak and clay mask of papilak has good physical properties but has resistance interpretation against acne-causing bacteria (S.aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. acnes) if compared to clindamycin in the CLSI guidelines.The positive control of clay mask also has a resistance interpretation. It can be concluded that clay mask of extract ethanol papilak leaves is not effective for treating acne vulgaris, but due to the lack of study about Mussaenda frondosa, it is necessary to carry out further study by changing the extraction method or solvent as comparison data.    Keywords : Acne; Central Kalimantan; Clay Mask; Mussaenda frondosa;Papilak.

Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Daun Tanaman Nusa Indah (Mussaenda pubescens ait. f ) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus ( Rosenbach )

Latar Belakang: penyakit infeksi sering dijumpai pada wilayah dengan cuaca panas, basah, serta status ekonomi yang rendah. Salah satu bakteri yang menyebabkan infeksis ialah Staphylococcus aureus. Antibioik eritromisin yang digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi memiliki berbagai efek samping. Pemanfaatan tanaman obat merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Daun tanaman nusa indah merupakan salah satu tanaman yang mempunyai banyak manfaat, salah satunya sebagai antibakteri. Penggunaan daun tersebut dengan cara menumbuk daun dan ditempelkan di bagain kulit yang terinfeksi, namun belum dilatar belakangi studi ilmiah. Metode: Ekstraksi daun tanaman nusa indah sebelumnya dilakukan pengujian fitokima. Selanjutnya, dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 95% dan dilarutkan dengan akuades. Hasil ekstraksi kemudian dilakukan Uji Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Setelah dilakukan uji MIC kemudian dilakukan pengujian efektivitas. Parameter yang digunakan ialah besarnya zona hambat yang terbentuk disekitar kertas cakram, dan Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah larutan antibiotik Eritromisin 50 µg/ml untuk bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil: Hasil pengujian fitokimia didapatkan metabolit sekunder positif ialah flavonoid, tanin, saponin, dan steroid. Hasil pengujian MIC didapatkan bahwa ekstrak daun tanaman nusa indah memiliki kemampuan sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aures. Dari analisis statistik pengujian ANOVA ekstrak daun tanaman nusa indah dalam menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus memiliki nilai Fhitung > Ftabel dengan nilai α = 0,05 dan kemudian diuji lanjut dengan menggunakan uji Duncan dan didapatkan zona hambat yang efektif  dalam  menghambat Staphylococcus aureus yaitu pada konsentrasi 75% (E5). Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun tanaman nusa indah ( Mussaenda pubescens ait.f )  memiliki  daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhn bakteri Staphylococcus aureus

Chemotaxonomic Significance and Environmental Implications of the Phytochemical Constituents of four Mussaenda L. (Rubiaceae) taxa in Nigeria

This work investigated the phytoconstituents of some Mussaenda taxa (Rubiaceae) collected from Nsukka (Derived Savanna) and Uyo (Tropical Rainforest) ecological zones of Nigeria to establish their contribution as possible taxonomic and environmental monitoring markers. Fresh leaf samples used in this study were collected from plants of the same age, air-dried, and made into powder for further use. Histochemical and phytochemical tests were carried out by following the standard procedures. Results of the comparative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, hydrogen cyanide, reducing sugars, soluble carbohydrates, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins in varying proportions. Results of the phytochemical constitute analysis revealed the presence of the cystoliths from the M. elegans (MEL) and M. erythrophylla (MER) which were absent in Mussaenda “ Doña Aurora” (MDA) and Mussaenda “Doña Luz”(MDL). Further, the presence of the Raphides was unique to MEL while Gum and mucilage were reported only in MDA. Quantitatively, MEL had the highest value of terpenoids (650.88 mg/100g) while MDA had the highest values of phenols (899.27 mg/100g), alkaloids (311.01 mg/100g), reducing sugars (967.35 mg/100g), steroids (2.89 mg/100g), soluble carbohydrates (27.68 mg/100g) and tannins (393.16 mg/100g), and MDL was richest in glucosides (339.64 mg/100g), flavonoids (69.34 mg/100g) and hydrogen cyanides (1.34 mg/100g). The cluster analysis based on obtained phytochemical data revealed three (3) distinct clusters with MEL in cluster 1; MDA and MDL in cluster 2 while cluster 3 had MER.  The evolutionary closeness of the two infraspecific and exotic species (MDA and MDL) were confirmed and their taxonomic relationship with the indigenous infrageneric taxa (MEL and MER) was established. The results also highlight the opportunity of employing plant metabolomics in ecological studies and environmental monitoring.&nbsp

STUDIES ON TOXICOLOGICAL AND NEUROBEHAVIORAL PROFILE OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF MUSSAENDA ROXBURGHII HOOK. F. LEAVES IN MICE

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of Mussaenda roxburghii with special reference to the nervous system. Methods: For the study, 15 mice were obtained from Pasteur Institute, Shillong. The mice were then divided into three groups containing five mice in each group. The groups were, namely Group I, Group II, and Group III; Group I mice received distilled water and acted as a control group, Group II mice received plant extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight (BWT.), and Group III mice received plant extract at a dose of 800 mg/kg BWT. The doses were administered orally through oral gavage tube for 28 days and the BWT of the mice was measured at 7th, 14th, 21th, and 28th days. The behavior of mice was evaluated for anxiety, locomotion, immobility, learning, and memory with the elevated plus maze test (EPMT), open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and Morris water maze test (MWMT), respectively. Results: The result of the experiment showed a decrease in the BWT of mice exposed to plant extracts significantly as compared to the control. In the OFT, there is a significant decrease in total distance travel in OFT and also total distance travel in the central zone in mice treated with the plant extracts as compared to the control mice. In the EPMT, the plant extract treated mice showed a decreased in the time spent in open arms. The FST results in increased immobility in mice exposed to plant extracts as compared to control. In the present study, MWMT results in an increased escape latency and path length and in decreased annulus crossovers in plant extract treated group as compared to control. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the plant extract alters the behavior of the treated mice and possesses neurotoxic activity

Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of \u3cem\u3eMussaenda\u3c/em\u3e Species (Rubiaceae)

The genus Mussaenda is an important source of medicinal natural products, particularly iridoids, triterpenes and flavonoids. The purpose of this paper is to cover the more recent developments in the ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry of this genus. The species in which the largest number of compounds has been identified is Mussaenda pubescens. Pharmacological studies have also been made, however, of other species in this genus. These lesser known plants of the genus are described here according to their cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The information given here is intended to serve as a reference tool for practitioners in the fields of ethnopharmacology and natural products chemistry

RAPID IN VITRO CALLOGENESIS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF LEAF, STEM AND LEAF CALLUS OF MUSSAENDA FRONDOSA LINN. - A MEDICINAL PLANT.

Objective: To standardise the protocol for rapid callogenesis in Mussaenda frondosa L. using leaf explants. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of leaf, stem and callus cultures.Methods: The leaf explants were inoculated onto MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of growth regulators such as 2, 4 - D, NAA, BAP, Kn for the induction of callus. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of total phenol, flavonoids and alkaloids contents of leaf, stem and callus were tested by standard methods.  The antioxidant activities were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging method and reducing power assay. The anti - inflammatory activity was evaluated by membrane stabilizing activity.Results: Pale green, healthy, friable and fast growing callus was obtained on the medium enriched with NAA (2mg/l) + Kn (4mg/l). Quantitative determination showed the highest concentration of total phenolics in the methanolic extract of in vitro grown callus (10 ± 1.1 mg of GA/g of extract), flavonoids in methanolic stem extract (137±1.6 mg of Quercitin/g of extract) and alkaloids in methanolic extract of leaf (118.3±1.5 mg/10g of extract). The methanolic leaf extract exhibited highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 40.6±10.06 μg/ml. The highest membrane stabilizing activity was shown by chloroform extract of the leaf (66.02%).Conclusion: The present preliminary phytochemical and pharmacological analysis may form the basis for drug development in future using callus cultures of M. frondosa.  Â

RESPON FISIOLOGIS TANAMAN NUSA INDAH (Mussaenda philippica L.) TERHADAP PAPARAN GAS SULFUR DIOKSIDA (SO2)

AGUSTA CHANDRA NIRWANA. NPM 0725010049. Respon Fisiologis Tanaman Nusa Indah (Mussaenda philippica L.) Terhadap Paparan Gas Sulfur Dioksida (SO2). Pembimbing Utama Djarwatiningsih P.S. dan Pembimbing Pendamping Endang T.P. RINGKASAN Penelitian ini pada dasarnya dilakukan untuk mengetahui respon fisiologis tanaman hias khususnya tanaman Nusa Indah (Mussaenda philippica L.) terhadap paparan gas sulfur dioksida (SO2). Sulfur adalah unsur dasar dari alam dan merupakan salah satu elemen yang paling melimpah di kerak bumi. Seperti nitrogen, belerang merupakan komponen penting dalam pertumbuhan semua makhluk hidup. Diantara gas pencemar udara, sulfur dioksida (SO2) merupakan bahan pencemar yang memberikan pengaruh paling merusak tanaman. Sulfur dioksida berasal dari industri-industri petrokimia, besi, logam, semen, keramik, dan sebagainya. Oleh sebab itu SO2 merupakan pencemar utama industri. Pada konsentrasi tinggi dapat menyebabkan nekrosis pada daun, baik pada permukaan atas maupun permukaan bawah dan jaringan sekitar stomata menjadi rusak. Jika keberadaan SO2 yang tinggi di udara berlangsung lama akan menimbulkan gejala klorosis yaitu perubahan warna daun dan pertumbuhan daun bahkan produksi tanaman akan berkurang. Sebagai pencemar udara SO2 diperkirakan memiliki waktu tinggal dalam udara antara 2 sampai 4 hari dan dalam waktu tinggal tersebut, SO2 dapat ditranportasikan sejauh 1000 km, sehingga dapat dikatakan SO2 relatif stabil dalam atmosfer. Sehingga maslah pencemaran SO2 menjadi masalah internasional

ASSESSING IN-SITU SEMI-NATURAL BUTTERFLY BREEDING APPROACH OF ORNITHOPTERA CROESUS (PAPILIONIDAE) ON BACAN ISLAND, MALUKU UTARA, INDONESIA

Indonesia is rich in endemic species of flora and fauna. One of them is Ornithoptera croesus butterfly, which is endemic to North Maluku. Habitat degradation and trade of this species have caused the populations to decline. To avoid the collection of butterfly specimens from nature and to preserve their habitat and population in nature, a semi-natural butterfly breeding practice at Bacan Island was initiated in 2013. This research was conducted to assess the breeding approach for O. croesus lydius using a qualitative descriptive method. The assessment was based on these variables: the specific ecology of the butterfly; the suitability of the breeding site and development model; the utilization of larval host plants and butterfly nectar plants; and the establishment of the birdwing population at the site. The observations and results are presented here. Based on the assessment, the in-situ semi-natural breeding approach is one of the solutions for sustainable use of this protected species.