Developing Low Carbon Supply Networks: Influence, Measurement, and Improvement

Climate change has emerged as one of the most serious challenges faced by human beings. As manufacturing globalisation involves more and more emerging nations, a greater proportion of CO2 emissions is generated from developing countries. The dilemma between fast industrial development and carbon reduction makes firms in developing nations reluctant to take serious commitment and actions in CO2 emission reduction in their global manufacturing practices. From a theoretical perspective, low-carbon supply networks research is also still in its infant stage and needs more explorations and development. Therefore this research aims to address the research question: “How can supply networks in developing countries be developed to reduce carbon emission?” Especially it focuses on: • An influence process to engage companies in developing countries to reduce carbon emission • A typology of carbon emission assessments in supply networks • An initial process of implementing carbon-reduction projects in supply network The research adopts theory building approach based on multiple case studies. The units of analysis are carbon reduction project of focal firms and initiatives of Non-Government Organizations (NGO). Drawing upon the cases, this research develops a general framework for developing low-carbon supply network, including three parts namely network influence, network CO2 measurement, and network CO2 improvement (IMI), with the three process models accordingly proposed. In the ‘influence’ process, based on resource dependence theory (RDT), this research illustrates a categorization of influence choices and a typology of influence pathways, which both underpin the four-step influence procedure proposed later. In the ‘measurement’ process, this research proposes a goal-oriented carbon footprint measurement guideline. In the “improvement’ process, an initial framework to classify carbon reduction projects and implementation process model of these projects are both built based on the analysis of primary case studies and Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) database which contains corporates’ carbon reduction practices. Overall this research makes contributions in the following aspects: (1) this research advocates IMI framework as a pathway to de-carbonize supply networks, contributing to manufacturing system’s evolution to sustainable paradigm; (2) It integrates the institutional, stakeholder and network theory in the context of de-carbonization, and extends the research scope of operations management; (3) The research contributes to life cycle assessment (LCA) literature by exploring supply network coordination during the LCA procedure; (4) The research also contributes to green supply chain literature by providing insights from firms’ de-carbonization projects in supply network. (5) In practice, the IMI three-process models can help practitioners to implement de-carbonization management, serving as a preliminary guideline to follow. The potential audience of this research can be MNCs, NGOs, government bodies, consultants, and any organization or individual who aim to change industrial system in the pursuit of climate change mitigation

Design of a Global Supply Chain for the Unexpected

Supply chains (SCs) play a crucial role in business operations and economies around the globe. They are in constant change and face challenges such as recurrent risks and disruption risks. The disruptive risks tend to cascade and propagate upstream and downstream of the disruption point. Due to the difficulty of calculating probabilities of disruptions, many decision makers prefer to underestimate disruptive risks. Losses of billions of dollars are accounted for each year due to the disruptive risks. These losses highlight the importance and need of having decision support systems and tools that can aid to design, model and analyze SCs that can cope with disruptions and their effects through all the stages. This research aims at developing new methods for designing and analyzing SCs that are prepared for unexpected events. It provides new insights into the methods to estimate the impact of possible disruptions during designing and planning stages. It further proposes complexity, robustness and resilience measures which facilitate the comparison between different SC designs in different scenarios. The significance of this research is to provide more stable production environments and develop the capability to prepare for unexpected events. Particular focus is given to natural disasters due to the magnitude and variety of impacts they could cause. Hence, a mathematical programming model that designs SCs and product architectures is proposed. The objective function is to minimize the disaster risk score of natural disasters (which depends on the geographical location of each SC entity and its associated “World Risk Index”). Also, a goal programming model is derived from the initial model. The goal programming model allows the inclusion of the decision-makers’ risk attitudes and costs to balance the decisions. The results obtained from the model showed that the SC and product architecture designs affect each other. Additionally, it was demonstrated that different risk-attitudes could lead to different SC designs. To achieve harmonious designs between SCs and products while remaining robust and controlling complexity, a novel methodology to assess structural SC complexity and robustness is presented using network analysis. This methodology includes the evaluation of different product architectures. Consequently, managers can choose the SC/product architecture that has a balanced level of complexity and robustness. It is worth noting that complexity and higher costs are needed to protect against disruptions. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the modular architecture is preferable as it has a balanced level of complexity and robustness. To analyze the dynamic behaviour of the SCs, a system dynamics framework is introduced to evaluate the impacts of disruptions in assembly SCs. Consequently, a pragmatic tool that provides organizational support is proposed. This framework enables the examination of full and partial disruptions and the incorporation of expediting orders after a disturbance. The SC performance indicators are the output of the proposed model. These indicators make the comparison between different scenarios easy. The usage of the framework and the findings can serve to define disruption policies, and assist in the decisions relating to the SC design. After running several scenarios, it was determined that the disruptions happening in the downstream levels have more impacts on the SC performance than the disruptions in the upstream levels. Hence, the disruption policies for the downstream levels should have higher priority. Moreover, it was demonstrated that expediting after disruptions could affect more the already damaged SC performance. Finally, to evaluate the SC performance and costs when facing disruptions, an index to assess SC resilience cost is provided. The metric considers the fulfilment rate in each period of each SC entity and its associated cost. This index allows comparison between different scenarios in the SC

RFID User Memory를 통한 생산 관리 및 일정 계획 수립 활용 방안에 대한 연구

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 산업공학과 산업공학 전공, 2016. 8. 박진우.Industrial products nowadays consist of tens of thousands of parts, and the corresponding supply chains for these products are constituted by large numbers of component suppliers. In these complex supply chains, the use of radio-frequency identification (RFID) can be a viable method to collect real-time shop floor information, including that pertaining to inventory or work progress. However, little to no research to date has been conducted on the use of RFID-based real-time information systems in traditional scheduling problems, although such technologies offer considerable benefit. The RFID tag data standard has recently been developed to set guidelines for the user memory bank for storing or sharing business data on tag user memory. In this study, the thesis propose a real-time response scheduling system that utilizes this new RFID technology. Proposed system include tag based data structure, pre-processing of data and production scheduling algorithm. This research show that quicker response scheduling solutions are available, and verify the efficiency of the proposed solution through a simulation.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and motivation 1 1.2 Research objective and scope 3 1.3 Structure of the thesis 5 2. Related work 6 2.1 RFID 6 2.1.1 RFID in industries 7 2.1.2 Electronic Product Code 9 2.1.3 Adoption and application of RFID tag user memory bank 13 2.2 Production scheduling problem 14 2.2.1 Shop floor production scheduling 14 2.2.2 Real-time production scheduling problem 16 3. Problem description 19 3.1 Model framework 20 3.2 Assumptions 21 3.3 Mathematical modeling 21 3.3.1 Parameter and variable 21 3.3.2 Objective function 22 3.3.3 Constraints 23 3.4 Problem and model description 25 4. RFID-based real-time production management and scheduling system 28 4.1 RFID data architecture for production management and scheduling 28 4.2 RFID-based real-time production scheduling algorithm 33 4.2.1 Data pre-processing for scheduling algorithm 33 4.2.2 Modified NEH algorithm 35 4.2.3 Feasibility check 38 5. Case study 39 5.1 Introduction to case study 39 5.2 Simulation description 42 5.3 Evaluation 43 5.4 Results and discussion 44 6. Conclusion and future work 53 6.1 Summary 53 6.2 Limitations and future work 54 Bibliography 55 초록 60Maste

Contribution to the Design of Digital Supply Chain Governance Concepts for Sustainable Development of Biodiesel

Biodiesel sowie Biokraftstoffe wurden in der letzten Zeit zunehmend in mehreren Vorträgen und Konferenzen diskutiert. Während viele der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen die Produktionsprobleme, wie Effizienz, Diversifizierung und Prozesstechnologie (1, 2, 3 generation) behandelten, wurde jedoch nur in einigen davon Biodiesel aus der logistischen Perspektive betrachtet. Trotzdem stellt Biodiesel ein Problem für die logistischen Prozesse dar, so wie Anlagenplanung, Transport und Tourenplanung verbunden mit der Qualitätskontrolle entlang der Kontinuität der Rohmaterialversorgung. In einigen Entwicklungsländern ist das Management der Biodiesel-Industrie in eine Zwangslage geraten. Obwohl Entwicklungsländer gemeinsam eine nationale Behörde für das Biodiesel-Geschäft eingeführt haben, ist die Institution nach wie vor in den frühen Stadien der Standardisierung sowie Qualitätskontrolle. Derzeit gibt es keine Agentur für die Supply Chain Führung, die für die Integration des Biodiesel-Geschäftes zwischen vorgelagerten und nachgelagerten Bereiche fähig ist. In dieser Arbeit stellt der Autor eine Prozesstechnik vor, um die die Biodiesel-Industrie zu bewerten. Diese Prozedur kombiniert Geschäftsmodell/-analyse (unter Nutzung der General Electric/Mc. Kinsey Matrix), Simulation, Konzeptentwurf und ein Prototyping-System. Die Studie leistet einen wissenschaftlichen Beitrag für die Planung einer digitalen Biodiesel Supply Chain und bildet einen Rahmen für die Führung eines solchen Systems vom vorgelagertem zum nachgelagerten Bereich. Der Forscher verwendet eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung, wo Biodiesel nicht als eine gesonderte Einheit gesehen wird, aufgrund der Tatsache, dass es den Konsumenten, abhängig von unterschiedlichen Aspekten, von einer langen Kette ankommt. Um ihre Geschäfte zu managen, haben viele Unternehmen Enterprise-Resource-Planning eingeführt, aber leider waren sie nicht in der Lage die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette damit zu erreichen. Digitalisierung ist bei der Integration des Informationssystems von allen Supply Chain Mitgliedern wünschenswert. Um solch eine Idee anzupassen sowie den gesamten Prozess zu überwachen, muss ein Kontrollturm gebaut werden. In Folge dessen könnte die beste standardisierte Qualität und Nachhaltigkeit erreicht werden. Der Autor schlägt ebenso ein Übergangskonzept in der Implementierungsebene vor, aufgrund der Tatsache, dass die Supply Chain Mitglieder in der Realität keine ähnlichen Informationssystem-Standards zur Verfügung haben. Das Ergebnis der Literatur-Studien, Simulationen, Prototypenentwicklungen, theoretischen Argumente und Konzeptentwürfen präsentiert eine Digitalisierungsmuster in der Supply Chain von Biodiesel für die nachhaltige Entwicklung.Recently, biodiesel and biofuel have increasingly been discussed in several papers and conferences. However, only a few have examined biodiesel from the logistics perspective, while most of the scientific investigations have addressed the production issues, e.g. efficiency, diversification and processing technology (1st, 2nd or 3rd generation). In spite of this, biodiesel poses a problem for logistic processes, such as facility planning, transport, and routing-scheduling associated with quality control along with continuity of feedstock supply. In some developing countries, the management of the biodiesel industry has also become a predicament. Even though developed countries have commonly established a national agency in charge of the biodiesel business, the institution is still in the early stages of standardisation and quality control. Currently, there is no agency concerned with supply chain governance that is capable of integrating the biodiesel business from upstream to downstream. In this thesis, the author presents a procedural technique to assess the biodiesel industry. This procedure combines business modelling/analysis (using General Electric/Mc. Kinsey Matrix), simulation, conceptual design and a prototyping system. The study provides scientific insight for planning a digital biodiesel supply chain and proposes a framework for governing such a system from upstream to downstream. The researcher employs a holistic approach, where biodiesel is not seen as a separate entity because it comes to the consumers through a long chain dependent on various aspects. Currently, a number of companies have implemented Enterprise-Resource-Planning to manage their businesses, but unfortunately, they have not been able to reach the entire value chain. Digitalisation is desirable when integrating the Information Systems of all supply chain members. A control tower must be built to accommodate such an idea and monitor the entire process. Then, the best standardised quality and sustainability can be achieved. The author also offers a transition concept in the implementation level, because, in reality, the members in the supply chain have no similar Informastion-System standard. The results from literature studies, simulations, prototyping, theoretical arguments, and conceptual design present a digitalisation pattern in the biodiesel supply chain for sustainable development

Developing a Framework for a Configuration of an Irrigation System for Small-scale Farmers

Industrial Engineerin

Modelos y Algoritmos Basados en el Concepto Stroke para la Planificación y Programación de Operaciones con Alternativas en Redes de Suministro

En la segunda mitad del siglo XX se comenzó a desarrollar la gestión de materiales de productos multinivel. En ese momento, se decidió que lo verdaderamente relevante, era la gestión de los materiales. De este modo, los modelos de datos que se desarrollaron a partir de entonces, se enfocaron en estructurar con detalle las relaciones entre materiales. La herramienta/metodología para gestionarlos pasó a denominarse Material Requirement Planning (MRP). Posteriormente, cuando el MRP fue entendido, y la tecnología comenzó a permitirlo, los modelos de datos evolucionaron y se incorporó la información necesaria para la gestión de los recursos. En estas estructuras de datos, tanto los materiales como los recursos que hacían falta para fabricar un producto final se asociaban a éste último. Esta forma de asociar todos los productos necesarios (producto hijos) y los recursos a inmovilizar para la obtención de un único producto denominado ¿producto padre¿ se denominó estructura Gozinto. Este origen, probablemente, marcó un ¿efecto candado¿ (lock-in) en la manera de abordar la planificación de los requerimientos de Materiales y de Recursos y, sobre todo, de las operaciones en su sentido más genérico. Durante la implantación de algunas herramientas de planificación en empresas y a partir de la revisión del estado del arte sobre dichas herramientas, hemos detectado varias oportunidades de investigación. De entre ellas nos hemos centrado en entender cuales son los requisitos necesarios para que las herramientas de planificación y programación de las operaciones pudieran ser flexibles y adaptadas a cualquier sector industrial. Para ello, en esta tesis vamos a estudiar la evolución de las estructuras de datos y propondremos una nueva estructura de datos más genérica, basada en el concepto de stroke que extiende el concepto de lista de materiales más allá de las estructuras tradicionales presentes en las herramientas comerciales existentes. Esto nos permitirá dar soporte a la planificación y programación de manera más generalizada, pudiendo abarcar cualquier operación, incluso sus alternativas en entorno multi-planta. Al mismo tiempo se podrán desarrollar los modelos de programación matemática, algoritmos y los mecanismos de coordinación necesarios para resolver los modelos e implantarlos en herramientas integradas para su uso industrial. Esta tesis se plantea como una colección de 10 artículos científicos, el orden en que están situados en la tesis permite mantener una secuencia lógica construida a posteriori y no según el orden cronológico en el que fueron escritos.Maheut, JPD. (2013). Modelos y Algoritmos Basados en el Concepto Stroke para la Planificación y Programación de Operaciones con Alternativas en Redes de Suministro [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/29290TESI

"ALTERNATIF PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DALAM PENENTUAN SUPPLIER INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR BERBASIS BILL of MATERIAL DAN GROUP TECHNOLOGY"

"Pemilihan supplier merupakan permasalahan yang komplek pada era Industri 4.0 sekarang ini. Banyaknya jumlah supplier dengan kualitas performansi yang berbeda-beda menyebabkan sulitnya pihak internal perusahaan untuk memilih supplier yang sesuai. Di sisi lain macam-macam bahan baku yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat produk jadi, sangat beragam. Kesesuaian supplier berkualitas yang diperlukan untuk memasok bahan baku yang dibutuhkan oleh industri menjadi hal yang penting untuk diselesaikan. Begitupun halnya dengan industri perakitan traktor tangan, industri kecil menengah ini juga sangat tergantung pada ketersediaan bahan pasokan, dan sudah pasti tergantung pula dengan pemilihan supplier itu sendiri. Penelitian disertasi ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh metode terbaru untuk memilih supplier pada industri manufaktur dengan studi kasus pada perakitan industri kecil traktor tangan. Penelitian disertasi ini diawali dengan kegiatan studi literatur melalui FGD, dan studi pustaka, kemudian diikuti dengan pembuatan desain prototipe aplikasi. Dimana untuk menyusun database bahan baku disusun menggunakan struktur produk pada Bill of Material, penentuan bobot kriteria optimal menggunakan Genetic Algorythms dan pemilihan supplier menggunakan metode multi criteria decision making. Studi kasus penelitian ini di sentra Industri Logam Ceper Klaten Solo, yaitu di Politeknik Manufaktur Ceper. Sedangkan pelaksanaan penelitiannya di Lab Komputasional dan Sistem Informasi serta Laboratorium Rekayasa Sistem Informasi Politeknik Negeri Jember. Uji coba aplikasi diimplementasikan pada studi kasus sesungguhnya, dengan data supplier 153, data bahan baku 70 bahan baku dengan variabel kriteria pemilihan supplier sebanyak 10 variabel. Pada tahap akhir diverifikasi menggunakan kuesioner online Google Form, dengan data responden sebanyak 101, banyaknya responden yg memilih “Sangat mudah” dan “Mudah” atau “Sangat lengkap” dan “Lengkap” atau “Sangat tepat” dan “Tepat” > 80 %, ini menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi / web yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini sesuai dengan harapan IKM pengguna (Verified). Kata kunci : Pemilihan pemasok, Computational intelegence, Bill of Material, Group Technology, Multi Criteria Decision Making dan Genetic Algorythms.