Multiple-criteria cash-management policies with particular liquidity terms

[EN] Eliciting policies for cash management systems with multiple assets is by no means straightforward. Both the particular relationship between alternative assets and time delays from control decisions to availability of cash introduce additional difficulties. Here we propose a cash management model to derive short-term finance policies when considering multiple assets with different expected returns and particular liquidity terms for each alternative asset. In order to deal with the inherent uncertainty about the near future introduced by cash flows, we use forecasts as a key input to the model. We express uncertainty as lack of predictive accuracy and we derive a deterministic equivalent problem that depends on forecasting errors and preferences of cash managers. Since the assessment of the quality of forecasts is recommended, we describe a method to evaluate the impact of predictive accuracy in cash management policies. We illustrate this method through several numerical examples.Salas-Molina, F.; Pla Santamaría, D.; Garcia-Bernabeu, A.; Mayor-Vitoria, F. (2020). Multiple-criteria cash-management policies with particular liquidity terms. IMA Journal of Management Mathematics. 31(2):217-231. https://doi.org/10.1093/imaman/dpz010S217231312Abdelaziz, F. B., Aouni, B., & Fayedh, R. E. (2007). Multi-objective stochastic programming for portfolio selection. European Journal of Operational Research, 177(3), 1811-1823. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2005.10.021Aouni, B., Ben Abdelaziz, F., & La Torre, D. (2012). The Stochastic Goal Programming Model: Theory and Applications. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, 19(5-6), 185-200. doi:10.1002/mcda.1466Aouni, B., Colapinto, C., & La Torre, D. (2014). Financial portfolio management through the goal programming model: Current state-of-the-art. European Journal of Operational Research, 234(2), 536-545. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2013.09.040Baccarin, S. (2009). 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Daily Cash Forecasting and Seasonal Resolution: Alternative Models and Techniques for Using the Distribution Approach. The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 20(3), 335. doi:10.2307/2331034Penttinen, M. J. (1991). Myopic and stationary solutions for stochastic cash balance problems. European Journal of Operational Research, 52(2), 155-166. doi:10.1016/0377-2217(91)90077-9Prékopa, A. (1995). Stochastic Programming. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3087-7Salas-Molina, F. (2017). Risk-sensitive control of cash management systems. Operational Research, 20(2), 1159-1176. doi:10.1007/s12351-017-0371-0Salas-Molina, F., Martin, F. J., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J. A., Serrà, J., & Arcos, J. L. (2017). Empowering cash managers to achieve cost savings by improving predictive accuracy. International Journal of Forecasting, 33(2), 403-415. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2016.11.002Salas-Molina, F., Pla-Santamaria, D., & Rodriguez-Aguilar, J. A. (2016). 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Financial Management, 16(4), 45. doi:10.2307/366610

An investigation of cash management practices and their effects on the demand for money

The observed shift in statistical demand-for-money relationships during the mid-1970s was once thought to reflect an unexplainable change in behavior. More recently, economists have recognized that the conventional regressions inadequately represented the demand for money. Specifically, the standard models overpredicted money demand during the 1970s since they failed to capture the effects of sophisticated cash management techniques. In “An Investigation of Cash Management Practices and Their Effects on the Demand for Money,” Michael Dotsey examines ways of augmenting the conventional models to overcome this problem. By looking at the causes of changes in cash management practices, Dotsey finds four variables related to cash management, which he tests for ability to explain the mid-1970s shift in a standard regression explaining the demand for money. Each of the proxies reduces the instability of the equation. Indeed, one such proxy, the number of electronic funds transfers over the Federal Reserve’s wire system, captures the entire shift in the conventional model in the 1970s.Money

The effects of cash management practices on the demand for demand deposits

During the mid-1970s standard regressions explaining the demand for money underwent a well documented shift. This shift was largely attributed to the adoption of a more sophisticated methods of cash management practices by firms. ; A version of this work was published in the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond's Economic Review, 1984, Vol. 70, No. 5Money

Forecasting daily cash receipts and disbursements : a general statistical approach

Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-22)

A multidimensional review of the cash management problem

In this paper, we summarize and analyze the relevant research on the cash management problem appearing in the literature. First, we identify the main dimensions of the cash management problem. Next, we review the most relevant contributions in this field and present a multidimensional analysis of these contributions, according to the dimensions of the problem. From this analysis, several open research questions are highlighted

DATA-DRIVEN DECISION-MAKING AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE CORPORATE CASH MANAGEMENT PROBLEM

Esta tesis investiga el problema de gestión de tesorería desde un punto de vista multidimensional. La gestión de tesorería trata de equilibrar la cantidad que se mantiene en efectivo y la que se dedica a inversiones a corto plazo. Normalmente, los tesoreros toman decisiones basándose en el nivel óptimo de tesorería por motivos operativos y de precaución. En esta tesis exploramos las oportunidades para mejorar la toma decisiones derivadas de modelar la incertidumbre presente en los flujos de caja con la ayuda de procedimientos basados en datos en un entorno multiobjetivo. Por un lado, los tesoreros pueden conseguir ahorros a través de la previsión de tesorería. Para ello, realizamos un estudio empírico con el objetivo de aprovechar las más recientes técnicas de aprendizaje automático como paso clave para conectar el análisis de los datos disponibles con los procesos de optimización en la gestión de tesorería. Por otro lado, los tesoreros pueden estar interesados no solo en el coste sino también en al riesgo asociado a sus decisiones. Por esta razón, tratamos el problema de gestión de tesorería desde una perspectiva multiobjetivo, considerando tanto el coste como el riesgo. Además, debido a la cambiante situación financiera actual, exploramos la selección de modelos de gestión de tesorería en función de diferentes condiciones operativas y de su robustez. También demostramos la utilidad de las previsiones a través de un nuevo modelo de gestión de tesorería que mejora el estado del arte al garantizar soluciones óptimas. Como la mayoría de las empresas trabaja con sistemas de tesorería con múltiples cuentas bancarias, desarrollamos un marco para la formulación y solución del problema de gestión de tesorería con múltiples cuentas bancarias. Finalmente, en un intento de acercar teoría y práctica, también ofrecemos una librería de software en Python para usuarios interesados en la construcción de sistemas de ayuda a la toma de decisiones en gestión de tesorería.This thesis investigates the cash management problem from a multidimensional perspective. Cash management focuses on finding the balance between cash holdings and short-term investments. Typically, cash managers make decisions based usually on a firm's optimal cash balance for operational and precautionary purposes. We here explore the opportunities for improved decision-making derived from modeling cash flow uncertainty with the help of data-driven procedures within a multiobjective context. On the one hand, cash managers may achieve cost savings by forecasting future cash flows. To this end, we perform an empirical analysis of daily cash flow time-series to take advantage of modern machine learning techniques as a key step to connect data analysis and optimization methods in cash management. On the other hand, cash managers may be interested not only in the cost but also in the risk associated to decision-making. Thus, we address the cash management problem from a multiobjective perspective focusing on both cost and risk. In addition, under the current situation of time-varying financial circumstances, the selection of cash management models according to operating conditions and its robustness are worth considering questions. We also show the utility of forecasts through a new cash management model which outperforms the state-of-the-art by guaranteeing optimal solutions. Since most firms usually deal with cash management systems with multiple accounts, we develop a framework to formulate and solve the multiple bank accounts cash management problem. Finally, in an attempt to fill the gap between theory and practice, we also provide a software library in Python for practitioners interested in building decision support systems for cash management.Esta tesi investiga el problema de gestió de tresoreria des d'un punt de vista multidimensional. La gestió de tresoreria tracta d'equilibrar la quantitat que es manté en efectiu i la que es dedica a inversions a curt termini. Normalment, el tresorers prenen decisions basant-se en el nivell òptim de tresoreria per motius operatius i de precaució. En aquesta tesi explorem les oportunitats per millorar la presa de decisions derivades de modelitzar la incertesa present en els fluxos de caixa amb l'ajuda de procediments basats en dades. Per un costat, els tresorers poden aconseguir estalvis de costos mitjançant la previsió de tresoreria. Per tal d'aconseguir-ho, realitzem d'un estudi empíric amb l'objectiu d'aprofitar les més recents tècniques d'aprenentatge automàtic per connectar l'anàlisi de les dades disponbiles amb els procesos d'optimització en la gestió de tresoreria. Per altra banda, els tresorers poden estar interessats no sols en el cost sinó també en el risc associat a les seues decisions. Per tant, tractem el problema de gestió de tresoreria des d'un punt de vista multiobjectiu, fixant-se tant en el cost com en el risc. A més a més, degut a la canviant situació financera actual, explorem la selecció de models de gestió de tresoreria en funció de diferents condicions operatives i de la seua robustesa. També demostrem la utilitat de les previsions mitjançant un nou model de tresoreria que millora l'estat de l'art al garantir solucions òptimes. Com que la majoria d'empreses treballa amb sistemes de tresoreria amb múltiples comptes bancaris, desenvolupem un marc per a la formulació i solució del problema de gestió de tresoreria amb múltiples comptes bancaris. Finalment, en un intent d'apropar teoria i pràctica, també oferim un llibreria en Python per a usuaris interessats en la construcció de sistemes d'ajuda a la presa de decisions en la gestió de tresoreria.Salas Molina, F. (2017). DATA-DRIVEN DECISION-MAKING AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE CORPORATE CASH MANAGEMENT PROBLEM [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/95408TESI

CHECK PROCESSING AS AN INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY: CRITICAL REVIEW AND RESEARCH AGENDA

Current management science models fail to adequately recognize that treasury management related to check payments has largely become an information management activity. Check processing operations lack the flexibility to capture information which can be used by treasury managers to make the most effective utilization of check-related funds. This argument is developed by examining the fit between management science models and check processing practice in the U.S. banking industry, as well as at the Federal Reserve Bank, in view of the changes that information technology has wrought and the problems it has the potential to solve. We critique models for inbound and outbound check processing and treasury management for checks, and conclude that models which link check processing and treasury management models hold out significant promise for improving management control.Information Systems Working Papers Serie

Financial Predictors of Fraud in Nonprofit Organizations

Nonprofit organizations are especially vulnerable to fraud. Incidents of fraud can have devastating consequences on these organizations and the nonprofit sector overall. This applied doctoral research project examined the use of financial predictors for reported fraud in U.S. nonprofit organizations. The study utilized financial data from 2017 IRS Form 990 filings of 644 U.S. nonprofit organizations with a 501(c)(3) tax exempt status. The researcher performed logistic regression analysis to determine and evaluate any associations between the financial variables and the existence of reported fraud. Three of the financial variables, cash growth rate (p=.001), asset growth rate (p=.046), and the ratio of disqualified compensation to total compensation (p=.033), were found to be statistically significant as individual predictors for reported fraud in the sample analyzed. The prediction model using seven financial variables (revenue growth rate, program expense ratio, cash growth rate, the ratio of cash to total assets, asset growth rate, the ratio of top compensation to total expenses, and the ratio of disqualified compensation to total compensation) was found to be a significant prediction model (p=.001) for reported fraud in the sample analyzed. The model explained five percent (5%) of the variance in the likelihood of fraud and correctly classified 66.7% of the cases analyzed. The findings of this research are useful to auditors, policymakers, management, board members, donors, creditors, and other stakeholders of nonprofit organizations for evaluation of fraud risk, analysis, and development of effective internal controls to protect against fraud

Auto Dealership Engagement Manual, Volume 1

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