31 research outputs found
Intra-Operative Needle Tracking Using Optical Shape Sensing Technology
RÉSUMÉ
Contexte : Les métastases hépatiques colorectales sont la principale cause de décès liée au cancer du foie dans le monde. Au cours de la dernière décennie, il a été démontré que l’ablation par radiofréquence (RFA, pour radiofrequency ablation) est une méthode de traitement percutané très efficace contre ce type de métastases. Cela dit, un positionnement précis de l’embout de l’aiguille utilisé en RFA est essentiel afin de se départir adéquatement de la totalité des cellules cancéreuses. Une technologie prometteuse pour obtenir la forme et la position de l’aiguille en temps réel est basée sur l’utilisation de réseaux de Bragg (FBG, pour fiber Bragg grating) à titre de senseur de contrainte. En effet, ce type de senseurs a une vitesse d’acquisition allant jusqu’à 20 kHz, ce qui est suffisamment rapide pour permettre des applications de guidage en temps réel.
Méthode : Les travaux présentés au sein de ce mémoire décrivent le développement d’une technologie, compatible aux systèmes d’imageries par résonance magnétique (IRM), permettant d’effectuer le suivi de la forme de l’aiguille utilisée en RFA. Premièrement, trois fibres contenant une série de réseaux de Bragg ont été collées dans une géométrie spécifique et intégrées à l’intérieur d’une aiguille 20G-150 mm. Ensuite, un algorithme de reconstruction de forme tridimensionnelle a été développé, basé sur les mesures de translation spectrales des FBGs acquises en temps réel durant le guidage de l’aiguille. La position du bout de l’aiguille ainsi que la forme tridimensionnelle complète de celle-ci ont été représentées et comparées à la position de la zone ciblée à la suite d’une simple méthode de calibration. Finalement, nous avons validé notre système de navigation en effectuant une série d’expériences in vitro. La précision du système de reconstruction tridimensionnelle de la forme et de l’orientation de l’aiguille a été évaluée en utilisant deux caméras positionnées perpendiculairement de manière à connaitre la position de l’aiguille dans le système d’axes du laboratoire. L’évaluation de la précision au bout de l’aiguille a quant à elle été faite en utilisant des fantômes précisément conçus à cet effet. Finalement, des interventions guidées en IRM ont été testées et comparées au système de navigation électromagnétique NDI Aurora (EMTS, pour Electromagnétic tracking system) par le biais du FRE (fiducial registration error) et du TRE (target registration error).
Résultats: Lors de nos premières expériences in vitro, la précision obtenue quant à la position du bout de l’aiguille était de 0,96 mm pour une déflexion allant jusqu’à ±10,68 mm. À titre comparatif, le système d’Aurora a une précision de 0.84 mm dans des circonstances similaires.
Les résultats obtenus lors de nos seconds tests ont démontré que l’erreur entre la position réelle du bout de l’aiguille et la position fournie par notre système de reconstruction de forme est de 1,04 mm, alors qu’elle est de 0,82 mm pour le EMTS d’Aurora. Pour ce qui est de notre dispositif, cette erreur est proportionnelle à l’amplitude de déflexion de l’aiguille, contrairement à l’EMTS pour qui l’erreur demeure relativement constante. La dernière expérience a été effectuée à l’aide d’un fantôme en gélatine, pour laquelle nous avons obtenu un TRE de 1,19 mm pour notre système basé sur les FBG et de 1.06 mm pour le système de navigation par senseurs électromagnétiques (EMTS). Les résultats démontrent que l’évaluation du FRE est similaire pour les deux approches. De plus, l’information fournie par les caméras permet d’estimer la précision de notre dispositif en tout point le long de l’aiguille.
Conclusion : En analysant et en interprétant les résultats obtenus lors de nos expériences in vitro, nous pouvons conclure que la précision de notre système de navigation basé sur les FBG est bien adaptée pour l’évaluation de la position du bout et la forme de l’aiguille lors d’interventions RFA des tumeurs du foie. La précision de notre système de navigation est fortement comparable avec celle du système basé sur des senseurs électromagnétiques commercialisé par Aurora. L’erreur obtenue par notre système est attribuable à un mauvais alignement des réseaux de Bragg par rapport au plan associé à la région sensorielle et aussi à la différence entre le diamètre des fibres et celui de la paroi interne de l’aiguille.----------ABSTRACT
Background: Colorectal liver metastasis is the leading cause of liver cancer death in the world. In the past decade, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has proven to be an effective percutaneous treatment modality for the treatment of metastatic hepatic cancer. Accurate needle tip placement is essential for RFA of liver tumors. A promising technology to obtain the real-time information of the shape of the needle is by using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors at high frequencies (up to 20 kHz).
Methods: In this thesis work, we developed an MR-compatible needle tracking technology designed for RFA procedures in liver cancer. At first, three fibers each containing a series of FBGs were glued together and integrated inside a 20G-150 mm needle. Then a three-dimensional needle shape reconstruction algorithm was developed, based on the FBG measurements collected in real-time during needle guidance. The tip position and shape of the reconstructed 3D needle model were represented with respect to the target defined in the image space by performing a fiducial-based registration. Finally, we validated our FBG-based needle navigation by doing a series of in-vitro experiments. The shape of the 3D reconstructed needle was compared to measurements obtained from camera images. In addition, the needle tip accuracy was assessed on the ground-truth phantoms. Finally, MRI guided intervention was tested and compared to an NDI Aurora EM tracking system (EMTS) in terms of fiducial registration error (FRE) and target registration error (TRE).
Results: In our first in-vitro experiment, the tip tracking accuracy of our FBG tracking system was of 0.96 mm for the maximum tip deflection of up to ±10.68 mm, while the tip tracking accuracy of the Aurora system for the similar test was 0.84 mm. Results obtained from the second in-vitro experiment demonstrated tip tracking accuracy of 1.04 mm and 0.82 mm for our FBG tracking system and Aurora EMTS, respectively for the maximum tip deflection of up to ±16.83 mm. The tip tracking error in the developed FBG-based system reduced linearly with decreasing tip deflection, while the error was similar but randomly varying for the EMTS. The last experiment was done with a gel phantom, yielding a TRE of 1.19 mm and 1.06 mm for the FBG and EM tracking, respectively. Results showed that across all experiments, the computed FRE of both tracking systems was similar. Moreover, actual shape information obtained from the camera images ensured the shape accuracy of our FBG-based needle shape model.
Conclusion: By analyzing and interpreting the results obtained from the in-vitro experiments, we conclude that the accuracy of our FBG-based tracking system is suitable for needle tip detection in RFA of liver tumors. The accuracy of our tracking system is nearly comparable to that of the Aurora EMTS. The error given by our tracking system is attributed to the misalignment of the FBG sensors in a single axial plane and also to the gap between the needle's inner wall and the fibers inside
Navigation system based in motion tracking sensor for percutaneous renal access
Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia BiomédicaMinimally-invasive kidney interventions are daily performed to diagnose and treat several renal
diseases. Percutaneous renal access (PRA) is an essential but challenging stage for most of these
procedures, since its outcome is directly linked to the physician’s ability to precisely visualize and
reach the anatomical target.
Nowadays, PRA is always guided with medical imaging assistance, most frequently using X-ray
based imaging (e.g. fluoroscopy). Thus, radiation on the surgical theater represents a major risk to
the medical team, where its exclusion from PRA has a direct impact diminishing the dose exposure
on both patients and physicians.
To solve the referred problems this thesis aims to develop a new hardware/software framework
to intuitively and safely guide the surgeon during PRA planning and puncturing.
In terms of surgical planning, a set of methodologies were developed to increase the certainty of
reaching a specific target inside the kidney. The most relevant abdominal structures for PRA were
automatically clustered into different 3D volumes. For that, primitive volumes were merged as a local
optimization problem using the minimum description length principle and image statistical
properties. A multi-volume Ray Cast method was then used to highlight each segmented volume.
Results show that it is possible to detect all abdominal structures surrounding the kidney, with the
ability to correctly estimate a virtual trajectory.
Concerning the percutaneous puncturing stage, either an electromagnetic or optical solution
were developed and tested in multiple in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo trials. The optical tracking solution
aids in establishing the desired puncture site and choosing the best virtual puncture trajectory.
However, this system required a line of sight to different optical markers placed at the needle base,
limiting the accuracy when tracking inside the human body. Results show that the needle tip can
deflect from its initial straight line trajectory with an error higher than 3 mm. Moreover, a complex
registration procedure and initial setup is needed.
On the other hand, a real-time electromagnetic tracking was developed. Hereto, a catheter
was inserted trans-urethrally towards the renal target. This catheter has a position and orientation
electromagnetic sensor on its tip that function as a real-time target locator. Then, a needle integrating a similar sensor is used. From the data provided by both sensors, one computes a virtual puncture
trajectory, which is displayed in a 3D visualization software. In vivo tests showed a median renal and
ureteral puncture times of 19 and 51 seconds, respectively (range 14 to 45 and 45 to 67 seconds).
Such results represent a puncture time improvement between 75% and 85% when comparing to
state of the art methods.
3D sound and vibrotactile feedback were also developed to provide additional information about
the needle orientation. By using these kind of feedback, it was verified that the surgeon tends to
follow a virtual puncture trajectory with a reduced amount of deviations from the ideal trajectory,
being able to anticipate any movement even without looking to a monitor. Best results show that 3D
sound sources were correctly identified 79.2 ± 8.1% of times with an average angulation error of
10.4º degrees. Vibration sources were accurately identified 91.1 ± 3.6% of times with an average
angulation error of 8.0Âş degrees.
Additionally to the EMT framework, three circular ultrasound transducers were built with a needle
working channel. One explored different manufacture fabrication setups in terms of the piezoelectric
materials, transducer construction, single vs. multi array configurations, backing and matching
material design. The A-scan signals retrieved from each transducer were filtered and processed to
automatically detect reflected echoes and to alert the surgeon when undesirable anatomical
structures are in between the puncture path. The transducers were mapped in a water tank and
tested in a study involving 45 phantoms. Results showed that the beam cross-sectional area
oscillates around the ceramics radius and it was possible to automatically detect echo signals in
phantoms with length higher than 80 mm.
Hereupon, it is expected that the introduction of the proposed system on the PRA procedure,
will allow to guide the surgeon through the optimal path towards the precise kidney target, increasing
surgeon’s confidence and reducing complications (e.g. organ perforation) during PRA. Moreover, the
developed framework has the potential to make the PRA free of radiation for both patient and surgeon
and to broad the use of PRA to less specialized surgeons.Intervenções renais minimamente invasivas são realizadas diariamente para o tratamento e
diagnóstico de várias doenças renais. O acesso renal percutâneo (ARP) é uma etapa essencial e
desafiante na maior parte destes procedimentos. O seu resultado encontra-se diretamente
relacionado com a capacidade do cirurgiĂŁo visualizar e atingir com precisĂŁo o alvo anatĂłmico.
Hoje em dia, o ARP Ă© sempre guiado com recurso a sistemas imagiolĂłgicos, na maior parte
das vezes baseados em raios-X (p.e. a fluoroscopia). A radiação destes sistemas nas salas cirúrgicas
representa um grande risco para a equipa médica, aonde a sua remoção levará a um impacto direto
na diminuição da dose exposta aos pacientes e cirurgiões.
De modo a resolver os problemas existentes, esta tese tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento
de uma framework de hardware/software que permita, de forma intuitiva e segura, guiar o cirurgiĂŁo
durante o planeamento e punção do ARP.
Em termos de planeamento, foi desenvolvido um conjunto de metodologias de modo a
aumentar a eficácia com que o alvo anatómico é alcançado. As estruturas abdominais mais
relevantes para o procedimento de ARP, foram automaticamente agrupadas em volumes 3D, através
de um problema de optimização global com base no princĂpio de “minimum description length” e
propriedades estatĂsticas da imagem. Por fim, um procedimento de Ray Cast, com mĂşltiplas funções
de transferĂŞncia, foi utilizado para enfatizar as estruturas segmentadas. Os resultados mostram que
Ă© possĂvel detetar todas as estruturas abdominais envolventes ao rim, com a capacidade para
estimar corretamente uma trajetĂłria virtual.
No que diz respeito à fase de punção percutânea, foram testadas duas soluções de deteção
de movimento (ótica e eletromagnética) em múltiplos ensaios in vitro, in vivo e ex vivo. A solução
baseada em sensores óticos ajudou no cálculo do melhor ponto de punção e na definição da melhor
trajetĂłria a seguir. Contudo, este sistema necessita de uma linha de visĂŁo com diferentes
marcadores Ăłticos acoplados Ă base da agulha, limitando a precisĂŁo com que a agulha Ă© detetada
no interior do corpo humano. Os resultados indicam que a agulha pode sofrer deflexões à medida
que vai sendo inserida, com erros superiores a 3 mm.
Por outro lado, foi desenvolvida e testada uma solução com base em sensores
eletromagnéticos. Para tal, um cateter que integra um sensor de posição e orientação na sua ponta, foi colocado por via trans-uretral junto do alvo renal. De seguida, uma agulha, integrando um sensor
semelhante, é utilizada para a punção percutânea. A partir da diferença espacial de ambos os
sensores, Ă© possĂvel gerar uma trajetĂłria de punção virtual. A mediana do tempo necessário para
puncionar o rim e ureter, segundo esta trajetĂłria, foi de 19 e 51 segundos, respetivamente
(variações de 14 a 45 e 45 a 67 segundos). Estes resultados representam uma melhoria do tempo
de punção entre 75% e 85%, quando comparados com o estado da arte dos métodos atuais.
Além do feedback visual, som 3D e feedback vibratório foram explorados de modo a fornecer
informações complementares da posição da agulha. Verificou-se que com este tipo de feedback, o
cirurgiĂŁo tende a seguir uma trajetĂłria de punção com desvios mĂnimos, sendo igualmente capaz
de antecipar qualquer movimento, mesmo sem olhar para o monitor. Fontes de som e vibração
podem ser corretamente detetadas em 79,2 ± 8,1% e 91,1 ± 3,6%, com erros médios de angulação
de 10.4Âş e 8.0 graus, respetivamente.
Adicionalmente ao sistema de navegação, foram também produzidos três transdutores de
ultrassom circulares com um canal de trabalho para a agulha. Para tal, foram exploradas diferentes
configurações de fabricação em termos de materiais piezoelétricos, transdutores multi-array ou
singulares e espessura/material de layers de suporte. Os sinais originados em cada transdutor
foram filtrados e processados de modo a detetar de forma automática os ecos refletidos, e assim,
alertar o cirurgião quando existem variações anatómicas ao longo do caminho de punção. Os
transdutores foram mapeados num tanque de água e testados em 45 phantoms. Os resultados
mostraram que o feixe de área em corte transversal oscila em torno do raio de cerâmica, e que os
ecos refletidos sĂŁo detetados em phantoms com comprimentos superiores a 80 mm.
Desta forma, Ă© expectável que a introdução deste novo sistema a nĂvel do ARP permitirá
conduzir o cirurgião ao longo do caminho de punção ideal, aumentado a confiança do cirurgião e
reduzindo possĂveis complicações (p.e. a perfuração dos ĂłrgĂŁos). AlĂ©m disso, de realçar que este
sistema apresenta o potencial de tornar o ARP livre de radiação e alarga-lo a cirurgiões menos
especializados.The present work was only possible thanks to the support by the Portuguese Science and
Technology Foundation through the PhD grant with reference SFRH/BD/74276/2010 funded by
FCT/MEC (PIDDAC) and by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER), Programa
COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade (POFC) do QREN
Mixed-reality visualization environments to facilitate ultrasound-guided vascular access
Ultrasound-guided needle insertions at the site of the internal jugular vein (IJV) are routinely performed to access the central venous system. Ultrasound-guided insertions maintain high rates of carotid artery puncture, as clinicians rely on 2D information to perform a 3D procedure. The limitations of 2D ultrasound-guidance motivated the research question: “Do 3D ultrasound-based environments improve IJV needle insertion accuracy”. We addressed this by developing advanced surgical navigation systems based on tracked surgical tools and ultrasound with various visualizations. The point-to-line ultrasound calibration enables the use of tracked ultrasound. We automated the fiducial localization required for this calibration method such that fiducials can be automatically localized within 0.25 mm of the manual equivalent. The point-to-line calibration obtained with both manual and automatic localizations produced average normalized distance errors less than 1.5 mm from point targets. Another calibration method was developed that registers an optical tracking system and the VIVE Pro head-mounted display (HMD) tracking system with sub-millimetre and sub-degree accuracy compared to ground truth values. This co-calibration enabled the development of an HMD needle navigation system, in which the calibrated ultrasound image and tracked models of the needle, needle trajectory, and probe were visualized in the HMD. In a phantom experiment, 31 clinicians had a 96 % success rate using the HMD system compared to 70 % for the ultrasound-only approach (p= 0.018). We developed a machine-learning-based vascular reconstruction pipeline that automatically returns accurate 3D reconstructions of the carotid artery and IJV given sequential tracked ultrasound images. This reconstruction pipeline was used to develop a surgical navigation system, where tracked models of the needle, needle trajectory, and the 3D z-buffered vasculature from a phantom were visualized in a common coordinate system on a screen. This system improved the insertion accuracy and resulted in 100 % success rates compared to 70 % under ultrasound-guidance (p=0.041) across 20 clinicians during the phantom experiment. Overall, accurate calibrations and machine learning algorithms enable the development of advanced 3D ultrasound systems for needle navigation, both in an immersive first-person perspective and on a screen, illustrating that 3D US environments outperformed 2D ultrasound-guidance used clinically
Enabling technologies for MRI guided interventional procedures
This dissertation addresses topics related to developing interventional assistant devices
for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI can provide high-quality 3D visualization
of target anatomy and surrounding tissue, but the benefits can not be readily harnessed for
interventional procedures due to difficulties associated with the use of high-field (1.5T or
greater) MRI. Discussed are potential solutions to the inability to use conventional mecha-
tronics and the confined physical space in the scanner bore.
This work describes the development of two apparently dissimilar systems that repre-
sent different approaches to the same surgical problem - coupling information and action
to perform percutaneous (through the skin) needle placement with MR imaging. The first
system addressed takes MR images and projects them along with a surgical plan directly
on the interventional site, thus providing in-situ imaging. With anatomical images and a
corresponding plan visible in the appropriate pose, the clinician can use this information to
perform the surgical action.
My primary research effort has focused on a robotic assistant system that overcomes
the difficulties inherent to MR-guided procedures, and promises safe and reliable intra-prostatic needle placement inside closed high-field MRI scanners. The robot is a servo
pneumatically operated automatic needle guide, and effectively guides needles under real-
time MR imaging. This thesis describes development of the robotic system including
requirements, workspace analysis, mechanism design and optimization, and evaluation of
MR compatibility. Further, a generally applicable MR-compatible robot controller is de-
veloped, the pneumatic control system is implemented and evaluated, and the system is
deployed in pre-clinical trials. The dissertation concludes with future work and lessons
learned from this endeavor
Intraoperative Navigation Systems for Image-Guided Surgery
Recent technological advancements in medical imaging equipment have resulted in
a dramatic improvement of image accuracy, now capable of providing useful information
previously not available to clinicians. In the surgical context, intraoperative
imaging provides a crucial value for the success of the operation.
Many nontrivial scientific and technical problems need to be addressed in order to
efficiently exploit the different information sources nowadays available in advanced
operating rooms. In particular, it is necessary to provide: (i) accurate tracking of
surgical instruments, (ii) real-time matching of images from different modalities, and
(iii) reliable guidance toward the surgical target. Satisfying all of these requisites
is needed to realize effective intraoperative navigation systems for image-guided
surgery.
Various solutions have been proposed and successfully tested in the field of image
navigation systems in the last ten years; nevertheless several problems still arise in
most of the applications regarding precision, usability and capabilities of the existing
systems. Identifying and solving these issues represents an urgent scientific challenge.
This thesis investigates the current state of the art in the field of intraoperative
navigation systems, focusing in particular on the challenges related to efficient and
effective usage of ultrasound imaging during surgery.
The main contribution of this thesis to the state of the art are related to:
Techniques for automatic motion compensation and therapy monitoring applied
to a novel ultrasound-guided surgical robotic platform in the context of
abdominal tumor thermoablation.
Novel image-fusion based navigation systems for ultrasound-guided neurosurgery
in the context of brain tumor resection, highlighting their applicability
as off-line surgical training instruments.
The proposed systems, which were designed and developed in the framework of
two international research projects, have been tested in real or simulated surgical
scenarios, showing promising results toward their application in clinical practice
Preoperative trajectory planning for percutaneous procedures in deformable environments
International audienceIn image-guided percutaneous interventions, a precise planning of the needle path is a key factor to a successful intervention. In this paper we propose a novel method for computing a patient-specific optimal path for such interventions, accounting for both the deformation of the needle and soft tissues due to the insertion of the needle in the body. To achieve this objective, we propose an optimization method for estimating preoperatively a curved trajectory allowing to reach a target even in the case of tissue motion and needle bending. Needle insertions are simulated and regarded as evaluations of the objective function by the iterative planning process. In order to test the planning algorithm, it is coupled with a fast needle insertion simulation involving a flexible needle model and soft tissue finite element modeling, and experimented on the use-case of thermal ablation of liver tumors. Our algorithm has been successfully tested on twelve datasets of patient-specific geometries. Fast convergence to the actual optimal solution has been shown. This method is designed to be adapted to a wide range of percutaneous interventions
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRACKER CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMAL TOOL DESIGN (WITH APPLICATIONS TO ENT SURGERY)
Electromagnetic tracking systems prove to have great potential for serving as the tracking component of image guided surgery (IGS) systems. However, despite their major advantage over other trackers in that they do not require line-of-sight to the sensors, their use has been limited primarily due to their inherent measurement distortion problem. Presented here are methods of mapping the measurement field distortion and results describing the distortion present in various environments. Further, a framework for calibration and characterization of the tracking system’s systematic error is presented. The error maps are used to generate polynomial models of the distortion that can be used to dynamically compensate for measurement errors. The other core theme of this work is related to optimal design of electromagnetically tracked tools; presented here are mathematical tools for analytically predicting error propagation and optimally configuring sensors on a tool. A software simulator, using a model of the magnetic field distortion, is used to further design and test these tools in a simulation of actual measurement environments before ever even being built. These tools are used to design and test a set of electromagnetically tracked instruments, specifically for ENT surgical applications