Teaching agents to learn: from user study to implementation

Graphical user interfaces have helped center computer use on viewing and editing, rather than on programming. Yet the need for end-user programming continues to grow. Software developers have responded to the demand with a barrage of customizable applications and operating systems. But the learning curve associated with a high level of customizability-even in GUI-based operating systems-often prevents users from easily modifying their software. Ironically, the question has become, "What is the easiest way for end users to program?" Perhaps the best way to customize a program, given current interface and software design, is for users to annotate tasks-verbally or via the keyboard-as they are executing them. Experiments have shown that users can "teach" a computer most easily by demonstrating a desired behavior. But the teaching approach raises new questions about how the system, as a learning machine, will correlate, generalize, and disambiguate a user's instructions. To understand how best to create a system that can learn, the authors conducted an experiment in which users attempt to train an intelligent agent to edit a bibliography. Armed with the results of these experiments, the authors implemented an interactive machine learning system, which they call Configurable Instructible Machine Architecture. Designed to acquire behavior concepts from few examples, Cima keeps users informed and allows them to influence the course of learning. Programming by demonstration reduces boring, repetitive work. Perhaps the most important lesson the authors learned is the value of involving users in the design process. By testing and critiquing their design ideas, users keep the designers focused on their objective: agents that make computer-based work more productive and more enjoyable

Towards an Intelligent Tutor for Mathematical Proofs

Computer-supported learning is an increasingly important form of study since it allows for independent learning and individualized instruction. In this paper, we discuss a novel approach to developing an intelligent tutoring system for teaching textbook-style mathematical proofs. We characterize the particularities of the domain and discuss common ITS design models. Our approach is motivated by phenomena found in a corpus of tutorial dialogs that were collected in a Wizard-of-Oz experiment. We show how an intelligent tutor for textbook-style mathematical proofs can be built on top of an adapted assertion-level proof assistant by reusing representations and proof search strategies originally developed for automated and interactive theorem proving. The resulting prototype was successfully evaluated on a corpus of tutorial dialogs and yields good results.Comment: In Proceedings THedu'11, arXiv:1202.453

The BG News September 2, 1988

The BGSU campus student newspaper September 2, 1988. Volume 71 - Issue 8https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/5822/thumbnail.jp

Modélisation de l'apprenant : application d'un modèle cognitif au développement d'un système d'apprentissage

Bien que le diagnostic des erreurs des apprenants soit central à toute stratégie d'intervention correctrice relevant au mode d'évaluation dans un système d'apprentissage, trop souvent, la prise d'information qui l'accompagne est incomplète ou incertaine. Ajoutons aussi le problème de la modélisation dans un contexte d'apprentissage où on ne peut observer directement ce qui se passe dans la tête d'un apprenant, ni de savoir avec certitude son plan de raisonnement, ni le but qu'il cherche à accomplir. Il s'ensuit une réduction de l'efficacité des interventions pédagogiques qui limite les apprentissages scolaires. Cette thèse apporte des solutions à cette problématique. Elle consiste en la conception et le développement d'un Système Tutoriel Intelligent pour le Diagnostic des Erreurs en Soustraction (TIDES). Elle s'inscrit dans une perspective d'évaluation diagnostique des compétences et connaissances arithmétiques en utilisant une approche originale qui vise à modéliser l'apprenant dans une situation d'apprentissage où les informations sur cet apprenant sont potentiellement incomplètes ou incertaines. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons la conception, le développement et une mise à l'essai du système TIDES. Le design de ce système est basé sur un modèle cognitif, la théorie d'apprentissage ACT-R d'Anderson, capable d'analyser le comportement d'un apprenant et de savoir son état cognitif. Le choix de ce design est discuté et justifié aussi. L'architecture du système TIDES comporte au moins trois modules: un module qui permet de spécifier des tâches à l'apprenant, un module d'analyse qui permet d'analyser les actions de l'apprenant et un module de diagnostic qui permet d'inférer les informations sur l'apprenant, d'évaluer ses compétences impliquées dans une tâche d'apprentissage, de détecter sa stratégie mise en œuvre, en s'appuyant sur une méthode de reconnaissance de plan, de prédire sa prochaine action la plus probable et de savoir avec exactitude les causes réelles de ses erreurs. Les caractéristiques du système TIDES sont décrites en détail dans la thèse. La méthodologie d'une mise à l'essai du système avec une vingtaine d'élèves est présentée et les données recueillies dans cette mise à l'essai sont regroupées et analysées. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus indique que le système TIDES offre le potentiel d'analyser et de diagnostiquer les erreurs des apprenants de façon plus précise, et donne effectivement lieu à un apprentissage conforme à celui qui était prévu en se basant sur la méthode originale adoptée. Enfin, nous proposerons des améliorations possibles (extension du système TIDES à l'aide des réseaux bayésiens) que nous présenterons comme explorées mais non encore complètement intégrées dans l'état actuel du système TIDES et aussi non évaluées. Il s'agit en fait de déterminer à quelles conditions le modèle bayésien peut être intégré à un système d'apprentissage, en tant que système tutoriel intelligent et dont le domaine d'apprentissage est l'arithmétique. \ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Intelligence artificielle, environnement interactif pour l'apprentissage humain, système tutoriel intelligent, théories d'apprentissage, Modèle d'Anderson ACT-R, modélisation d'un apprenant, analyse des erreurs, diagnostic des erreurs, modélisation statistique et réseaux bayésiens

Explorer 1948

https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/explorer/1004/thumbnail.jp

Tutorial Dialog in an Equation Solving Intelligent Tutoring System

This thesis makes a contribution to Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) architectures. A new intelligent tutoring system is presented for the domain of solving linear equations. This system is novel, because it is the first intelligent equation-solving tutor that combines a cognitive model of the domain with a model of dialog-based tutoring. The tutorial model is novel because it is based on the observation of an experienced human tutor and captures tutorial strategies specific to the domain of equation-solving. In this context, a tutorial dialog is the equivalent of breaking down problems into simpler steps and then asking new questions to the student before proceeding to the next navigational step. The resulting system, named E-tutor, was compared, via a randomized controlled experiment, to an algebra ITS similar to the“Cognitive Tutor by Carnegie Learning, Inc®. The Cognitive Tutor can provide traditional model-tracing feedback and buggy messages to students, but does not engage students in dialog. Preliminary results using a very small sample size, i.e., teaching equation solving to 15 high school students, showed that E-Tutor with dialog capabilities performed better than E-tutor without dialog. This result showed an effect size of 0.4 standard deviations for overall learning by condition. This set of preliminary results, though not statistically significant, shows promising opportunities to improve learning performance by adding tutorial dialog capabilities to ITSs. However, significant further validation is required, specifically, adding greater numbers and variations of the work to our sample size, before this approach can be deemed successful. The system is available at www.wpi.edu/~leenar/E-tutor

The BG News June 1, 1979

The BGSU campus student newspaper June 1, 1979.https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/4632/thumbnail.jp

Developing Scientific Literacy Through Classroom Instruction: Investigating Learning Opportunities Across Three Modes of Inquiry-Based Science Instruction.

Despite wide research-based support for the implementation of inquiry-based science instruction, very few studies have closely examined its enactment across varied modes of instruction. Such studies can contribute to a finer understanding of the knowledge teachers must have in order to implement high-quality inquiry-based science instruction. This dissertation study investigated the enactment of three modes of inquiry-based science instruction by three guest teachers who were university-based researchers. The 50 fourth grade student participants were matched on achievement and prior content knowledge and randomly assigned to one of six small groups across three conditions employing different modes of inquiry-based science instruction: first-hand investigation, second-hand investigation, and an interplay of first- and second-hand investigation (Palincsar and Magnusson, 2001). Children in the first-hand investigation condition directly manipulated scientific phenomena, collected and reported data, and used these data to make knowledge claims. Children in the second-hand investigation condition studied the phenomena by following the investigations of a fictitious scientist who documents her study in an innovative notebook text. Children in the interplay condition experienced an interplay of the first- and second-hand investigations. Guided by sociocognitive theories of learning, the first phase of data analysis identified the differential opportunities for students to engage with scientific practices and conceptual claims across the modes of instruction. The findings from this analytical phase showed that in the context of this study, instruction featuring second-hand investigations provided students with richer opportunities for engaging with scientific practices and conceptual claims as compared to instruction featuring first-hand investigation. Following this, three sets of contrastive case studies were analyzed that demonstrated how opportunities for learning were differentially mediated across conditions. A cross-case analysis integrated a logic of inquiry focusing on the following issues: participant structures, children’s connections to prior experiences, and argumentation. The findings from this analytical phase illuminated particular affordances of the second-hand investigation instructional mode and the way that these affordances were brought to life by specific teacher moves. Thus, the study shows how the interplay between curricular affordances and teacher moves can collectively lead to rich scientific literacy learning opportunities for upper elementary students.Ph.D.EducationUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/61619/1/debik_1.pd

Winona Daily News

https://openriver.winona.edu/winonadailynews/1829/thumbnail.jp