Elaboration of Organizational Arrangements on the Improvement of Functioning of the System of Pharmaceutical Support of Sudan Population

In the article is considered the problem of support of Sudan population with available pharmaceutical production. The aim of research is an analysis of the price and assortment policy realized by the different pharmaceutical structures, determination of the level of their functions on guaranteeing the availability of medicaments, elaboration on the base of received results the arrangements on optimization of the pharmaceutical support system. It was determined that not all subjects of Sudan pharmaceutical market responsible for the pharmaceutical support cope with such problems at the proper level. Thus in the private drugstores, in the net drugstores of the Ministry of defense «Alia» and in drugstores of the health insurance system the prices of medicament exceed the recommended ones in more than 2 times, an assortment also does not corresponds to both internal and International requirements. The received results indicate the unreasonable use of budget means by the separate state structures, the negative tendencies in the system of guaranteeing the availability of pharmaceutical help. It was established that the biggest suppliers of the medicaments in Sudan, excluding the state Centre of medicament support CMS cannot ensure the system of health protection with medicaments of the proper quality, assortment and the price rate. There were elaborated the organizational-economic approaches to optimization of the structure of medical support of Sudan that include the change of the flows of medicaments distribution. There was offered the structure that unites all inflows in the aforesaid CMS and then distributes resources according to the needs of organizations and regions. Introduction of the offered structures will allow improve the system of purchase and distribution of medicaments, make it transparent. The result of change will be the rise of physical and economic availability of medicaments, widening of assortment, decrease of the price of preparations, significant economy of budget resources

Medication and fitness to drive

Producción CientíficaPurpose The aim of this study is to analyze the consumption patterns of medicaments among motor vehicle drivers who attend ‘Medical Driving Test Centres’ and the relation between habitual consumption of medicaments and fitness to drive. Methods The study was carried out on 8043 drivers who attended 25 Medical Driving Test Centres. Results 24.7% of drivers chronically consume medicaments while 6.8% consume medicaments along with alcohol every day. Of those who chronically consume medicaments with a warning about the medications on driving, 65.8% were considered ‘fit’ to drive, 27.3% ‘fit with restrictions’, 5.1% ‘suspended’ and 0.4% ‘unfit’. Conclusions The results show how frequent the consumption of medicaments along with alcohol is and that the great majority of drivers who take medicaments are considered fit to drive

COMPARING THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF INTRACANAL MEDICAMENTS IN COMBINATION WITH CLOVE OIL AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS

Objective: To demonstrate whether clove oil enhances the antibacterial effect of intracanal medicaments.2Methods: Materials used include clove oil, Enterococcus faecalis microorganism, intracanal medicaments (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin,and calcium hydroxide), agar plates, motor, pestle, weighing machine, propylene glycol, glass slab, scale. Agar well diffusion method is employed tostudy the antibacterial effects of intra canal medicaments with and without clove oil against E. faecalis.Results: From the obtained results it can be concluded that intra canal medicaments combined with clove oil showed greater antibacterial effectsagainst the microorganism, E. faecalis, than those intracanal medicaments without clove oil.Conclusion: The ultimate goals of intracanal medicaments are complete elimination of bacteria, their by-products and pulpal remnants from infectedroot canals and the complete seal of disinfected root canals. Clove oil can be attributed to its antimicrobial, antifungal, antiseptic, antiviral, aphrodisiac,and stimulating properties. Eugenol in clove essential oil has an inhibitory effect on various bacteria and should be used in minimum inhibitoryconcentration for safe and effective results. It is used to treat patients with pain from a dry socket, as well as used in a number of temporary restorativematerials. Intracanal medicaments when combined with other substances may produce additive or synergistic effects. In this study, the synergisticeffect of clove oil when mixed with other intracanal medicaments is tested and found to be more effective.Keywords: Intracanal medicaments, Eugenol, Clove, Intra canal infection

Regular and stochastic behavior of Parkinsonian pathological tremor signals

Regular and stochastic behavior in the time series of Parkinsonian pathological tremor velocity is studied on the basis of the statistical theory of discrete non-Markov stochastic processes and flicker-noise spectroscopy. We have developed a new method of analyzing and diagnosing Parkinson's disease (PD) by taking into consideration discreteness, fluctuations, long- and short-range correlations, regular and stochastic behavior, Markov and non-Markov effects and dynamic alternation of relaxation modes in the initial time signals. The spectrum of the statistical non-Markovity parameter reflects Markovity and non-Markovity in the initial time series of tremor. The relaxation and kinetic parameters used in the method allow us to estimate the relaxation scales of diverse scenarios of the time signals produced by the patient in various dynamic states. The local time behavior of the initial time correlation function and the first point of the non-Markovity parameter give detailed information about the variation of pathological tremor in the local regions of the time series. The obtained results can be used to find the most effective method of reducing or suppressing pathological tremor in each individual case of a PD patient. Generally, the method allows one to assess the efficacy of the medical treatment for a group of PD patients.Comment: 39 pages, 10 figures, 1 table Physica A, in pres

Measuring and Explaining Localisation: Evidence from two British Sectors

The degree of localisation of manufacturing, defined as the excess geographic concentration remaining after correcting for both sectorial concentration and the agglomeration of overall economic activity, has recently gained new techniques of measurement. These techniques are illustrated and theoretically discussed. The paper then investigates the sectorial scale of localisation, using evidence from two British sectors, SIC 244 (pharmaceutical) and 334 (optical and photographic), and respective sub-sectors. Applying the measures, it is evidenced that the individual sub-sectors are very differently localized both in extent and in location, even within the same sector. In addition to this, with survey data the paper shows that localisation is due to different economic explanations in different sub-sectors. This is a proof that the economic factors behind localisation are in this case at 5-digit level, making economically not meaningful the measurement of localisation at a different scale. The study implies that identifying localisation remains a delicate process, since the right sectorial scale has to be detected case by case, the use of more than one technique usually gives additional insights and, finally, the survey confirms that, in field studies, a mix of diferent theoretical models is generally needed to explain the observed patterns.

A comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of silver diamine fluoride and silver nitrate: an ex vivo study

A comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of silver diamine fluoride and silver nitrate on various cariogenic bacteria: an ex vivo study By: Reham AlNajjar, D.D.S. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2019 Thesis Advisor: William Dahlke, D.M.D., Associate Professor and Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry Purpose: The use of silver-based antimicrobials is an emerging method for the treatment of dental caries. In this study, the authors compare the efficacy of the two most prominent silver- based therapeutics, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and silver nitrate (AgNO3), on cariogenic and non-cariogenic multispecies biofilms. Currently there is a lack of studies comparing the efficacy of SDF to AgNO3. Methods: Plaque samples from anterior and posterior tooth sites from children presenting both with early childhood caries and caries-free children were collected, pooled, and utilized to create four ex vivo biofilm systems in artificial saliva. SDF and AgNO3 were administered to these biofilms and bacterial survival was quantified and compared to untreated controls. Results: Each of the four pooled sample types was applied to plates coated in artificial saliva + 1% sucrose. Both SDF and AgNO3 were very effective against plaque derived biofilms when compared to untreated biofilms (P0.05) in the potency of each compound. Conclusions: SDF and AgNO3 significantly inhibit ex vivo cariogenic and non-cariogenic biofilms at similar levels

Adoption of standard ERP solution in health care sector: is SAP ERP all-in-one capable to meet specific requirements?

Objective of this experience report is to address specific issues regarding standard SAP ERP implementation in a medical institution. Target Company is a state owned health care institution from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Report will treat selected issues which could trouble standard SAP ERP implementation trough predefined ERP implementation methodology for SAP ERP. This report presents observations/ remarks based on experience of authors in particular SAP ERP implementation project in health care institution. Author’s goal is to provide useful insight into “real life” standard ERP implementation and problems that arise. Also, it should provide useful information for all stakeholders involved in the process of ERP implementation in public health care sector

Drugs-related death soon after hospital discharge among drug treatment clients in Scotland:record linkage, validation and investigation of risk factors.

We validate that the 28 days after hospital-discharge are high-risk for drugs-related death (DRD) among drug users in Scotland and investigate key risk-factors for DRDs soon after hospital-discharge. Using data from an anonymous linkage of hospitalisation and death records to the Scottish Drugs Misuse Database (SDMD), including over 98,000 individuals registered for drug treatment during 1 April 1996 to 31 March 2010 with 705,538 person-years, 173,107 hospital-stays, and 2,523 DRDs. Time-at-risk of DRD was categorised as: during hospitalization, within 28 days, 29-90 days, 91 days-1 year, >1 year since most recent hospital discharge versus 'never admitted'. Factors of interest were: having ever injected, misuse of alcohol, length of hospital-stay (0-1 versus 2+ days), and main discharge-diagnosis. We confirm SDMD clients' high DRD-rate soon after hospital-discharge in 2006-2010. DRD-rate in the 28 days after hospital-discharge did not vary by length of hospital-stay but was significantly higher for clients who had ever-injected versus otherwise. Three leading discharge-diagnoses accounted for only 150/290 DRDs in the 28 days after hospital-discharge, but ever-injectors for 222/290. Hospital-discharge remains a period of increased DRD-vulnerability in 2006-2010, as in 1996-2006, especially for those with a history of injecting

The Surprising History and Geography of the First "Organic Farming" Association

Readers of narratives of the history of organic farming in Australia will be familiar with such accounts beginning in the "1980s". In questing after the earliest organic farming society, and more particularly in pursuing the spread of the "organic" meme from its 1940 birth in Britain, it was therefore a great surprise to uncover the Australian Organic Faming and Gardening Society (AOFGS) founded in October 1944. This appears to be the world's first "organic farming" association. It also resets the organic clock for Australia back by four decades. Here was an association, pre-dating the UK Soil Association by two years, formed half a world away from the birthplace of "organic", in a country at war, under food rationing, and with its workforce under Manpower regulations. Yet organic farming principles were clearly articulated by this Society, perhaps as clearly articulated as they have ever been, and particularised for Australia. The Society was constrained from publishing their journal due to wartime constraints on paper. The first appearance of the Organic Farming Digest (OFD) was in April 1946. Thereafter, for nearly a decade, the Society regularly published a journal, with the last issue appearing in 1954. This paper explores the Society; its principles; its journals; its people; its interactions with key organic figures of the time including Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, Eve Balfour, Albert Howard, and Jerome Rodale; its Australian contributors from five states, including Colonel Harold White and Professor Sir Stanton Hicks; its progress and ultimately its demise; and touch on how this history became lost

The Path to Otopia: an Australian Perspective

This paper is a response to an invitation from SASA to deliver a keynote address on the topic: "The History of Innovative Organic Knowledge: Past, Present (and Future?)” to the Soil Association of South Australia (SASA) on the occasion of the launching of the SASA Historical Research Archive at the State Library of South Australia, Adelaide. It identifies three waves of organic advocacy in Australia. It describes the author's recently published research on the Australian Organic Farming and Gardening Society (1944-1955), the world's first society to call itself an "organic farming" society, the first society to publish an organic journal (the "Organic Farming Digest"), and the first society to publish a set of organic agriculture principles. Looking to the future, the term "Otopia" is coined to describe a state of 100% organic agriculture. At the historical rate of growth exhibited by the organic sector (data available for the past 8 years), it will take 584 years to reach a global state of Otopia if we assume arithmetic growth (of 27.1% pa), or 27 years if we assume compounding growth (of 16.4% pa)