NDM-515: AN ORIGINAL MODEL OF INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM RESILIENCE

Infrastructure systems of transportation, water supply, telecommunications, power supply, etc. are not isolated but highly interconnected and mutually coupled. Infrastructure interdependences can increase system vulnerability and produce cascading failures at the regional or national scales. Taking the advantage of network theory structure analysis, this paper models street, water supply network, power grid and information infrastructure as network layers that are integrated into a multilayer network. The infrastructure interdependences are detailed using five basic dependence patterns of network fundamental elements. Definitions of dynamic cascading failures and recovery mechanisms of infrastructure systems are also established. The main focus of the paper is introduction of a new infrastructure network resilience measure capable of addressing infrastructure system as well as network component (layer) interdependences. The new measure is based on infrastructure network performance, proactive infrastructure network resistance capacity and reactive infrastructure network recovery capacity. With three resilience features and corresponding network properties develops paper, this the of dynamic space new quantitative measure -time resilience and a resilience simulation model resilience and network properties three dimensions of use for infrastructure network assessments. The resilience model is applicable to any type of infrastructure and its application can improve the infrastructure planning, design and maintenance decision making

Survivable and disaster- resilient submarine optical-fiber cable deployment

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Internete olan mevcut sosyal ve ekonomik bağlılık ve servis kesintileri nedeni ile oluşan önemli miktardaki tamir masrafları ile ağ kalımlılığı günümüzde telekomünikasyon ağ dizaynının önemli bir parçası olmuştur. Ayrıca, denizaltı fiber optik kabloların depremler gibi doğal afetlere veya insan-yapımı afetlere karşı zayıf olduğu da herkesçe kabul edilmiş bir gerçektir. Afete dayanıklı bir denizaltı kablo yerleştirilmesi, bir yada daha fazla kablo afet nedeni ile koptuğunda ağ servislerini yeniden eski haline getirmek için ağ operatörünün maliyetlerini (yolculuk maliyeti, kapasite kayıp maliyeti ve hasar gören kablonun tamir maliyeti) azaltabilir. Bu çalışmada afet-farkındalı denizaltı fiber optik kabloları yerleştirme problemini araştırdık. Kablolar için bir yol/rota seçerken yaklaşımımız toplam beklenen kayıp maliyetini, denizaltı fiber kabloların afetler nedeni ile zarar görebileceğini de düşünerek, bütçe ve diğer kısıtlamalar altında minimize etmeyi hedefler. Yaklaşımımızda afetle ilişkisiz arızaların ana kablonun yanında bir de yedek kablo sağlanarak üstesinden gelindiğini varsaydık. Önce basitçe bir su kütlesi (deniz/okyanus) tarafından ayrılmış iki kara parçası üzerine yerleştirilmiş iki düğümün olduğu bir senaryoyu düşündük. Daha sonra problemi formüle edebilmek için afet bölgelerinden sakınacak şekilde eliptik kablo şeklini dikkate aldık. En nihayetinde problem için, bu durumda yaklaşımımızın potansiyel faydalarını gösteren sayısal örneklerle desteklediğimiz bir Tamsayı Lineer Programlama formülasyonu ürettik. Bununla birlikte problemi daha pratik hale getirmek için, farklı kara parçalarına yerleşmiş çoklu düğümlerin örgüsel bir ağ topolojisini, düzenli şekillere sahip olmayan kabloları, deniz altındaki ortamın topografisini de dikkate aldık. Bu problemi de ifade etmek için sayısal örneklere birlikte bir Tamsayı Lineer Programlama sunduk. Sonuç olarak, pratik durumu düşünerek bir örnek durum incelemesi üzerinde yaklaşımımızı mevcut kablolama sistemleri ile kıyaslayarak teyit ettik. İki durumda da, sonuçlar bize %2-%11 oranında bir yerleştirme maliyeti artışı karşılığında beklenen maliyeti %90-%100 arasında azaltabileceğimizi gösterdi.With the existing profoundly social and economic reliance on the Internet and the significant reparation cost associated with service interruption, network survivability is an important element in telecommunication network design nowadays. Moreover, the fact that submarine optical-fiber cables are susceptible to man-made or natural disasters such as earthquakes is well recognized. A disaster-resilient submarine cable deployment can save cost incurred by network operators such as the capacity-loss cost, the cruising cost and the repair cost of the damaged cables, in order to restore network service when cables break due to a disaster. In this study, we investigate disaster-aware submarine fiber-optic cable deployment problem. While selecting a route/path for cables, our approach aims to minimize the total expected cost, considering that submarine optical-fiber cables may break because of natural disasters, subject to deployment budget and other constraints. In our approach, we assume disaster-unrelated failures are handled by providing a backup cable along with primary cable. In the simple case we consider a scenario with two nodes located on two different lands separated by a water body (sea/ocean). We then consider an elliptic cable shape to formulate the problem, which can be extended to other cable shapes, subject to avoiding deploying cable in disaster zones. Eventuaaly, we provide an Integer Linear Programming formulation for the problem supported with illustrative numerical examples that show the potential benefit of our approach. Furthermore, in order to make the problem more practical, we consider a mesh topology network with multiple nodes located on different sea/ocean, submarine optical- fiber cables of irregular shape, and the topography of undersea environment. Eventually, we provide an Integer Linear Programming to address the problem, together with illustrative numerical examples. Finally, we validate our approach by conducting a case study wherein we consider a practical submarine optical-fiber cable system susceptible to natural disasters. In this case, we compare our approach against the existing cable system in terms of deployment cost and reduction in expected cost. In either case results show that our approach can reduce expected cost from 90% to 100% at a slight increase of 2% to 11% in deployment cost of disaster-unaware approach

Technology content assessment for Indonesia-cable based tsunameter development strategy using technometrics model

This research aims to calculate the value of the Technology Contribution Coefficient (TCC) and determine the priority of technology component improvement in the development of the Indonesia-Cable Based Tsunameter (INA-CBT) Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) conducted by the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Research Center for Electronics (RCE). In this study, the Technometrics model is used to calculate the technology contribution of technology components and TCC, while Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to calculate the value of the technology contribution intensity of technology components. The results showed that the TCC value of the RCE is 0.55 (Good). With the state-of-the-art value of 1, the RCE still has the opportunity to make improvements, especially on Infoware components with the lowest contribution value, to increase TCC. In calculating the technology contribution intensity, Infoware obtained the highest score of 0.447 compared to other technology compo­nents, therefore Infoware needs to be prioritized for improvement so that it is expected that the management of RCE can increase the quality and accuracy of the engineering design and simulation stage because it is a critical point in the development of INA-CBT.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung nilai Technology Contribution Coefficient (TCC) dan menentukan prioritas perbaikan komponen teknologi dalam pembangunan Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami yaitu Indonesia-Cable Based Tsunameter yang dilakukan oleh Pusat Riset Elektronika, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan model Teknometrik dan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process atau AHP. Teknometrik digunakan untuk menghitung nilai kontribusi teknologi komponen teknologi dan TCC, sedangkan AHP digunakan untuk menghitung nilai intensitas kontribusi teknologi pada suatu komponen teknologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai TCC Pusat Riset Elektronika adalah 0,55 (Baik). Dengan nilai state of the art 1, Pusat Riset Elektronika masih berpeluang untuk melakukan perbaikan terutama pada komponen Infoware yang memiliki nilai kontribusi paling rendah untuk meningkatkan TCC. Dalam menghitung nilai intensitas kontribusi teknologi, Infoware memperoleh skor tertinggi 0,447 dibandingkan komponen teknologi lainnya, oleh karena itu Infoware perlu diprioritaskan untuk peningkatan THIO. Dengan melakukan penyempurnaan pada Infoware, diharapkan pihak pengelola Pusat Riset Elektronika dapat meningkatkan kualitas dan akurasi tahap engineering design dan simulasi karena merupakan titik kritis dalam pengembangan INA-CBT

Undersea Cables: The Ultimate Geopolitical Chokepoint

This work provides historical and contemporary overviews of this critical geopolitical problem, describes the policy actors addressing this in the U.S. and selected other countries, and provides maps and information on many undersea cable work routes. These cables are chokepoints with one dictionary defining chokepoints as “a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region

Modelling and Design of Resilient Networks under Challenges

Communication networks, in particular the Internet, face a variety of challenges that can disrupt our daily lives resulting in the loss of human lives and significant financial costs in the worst cases. We define challenges as external events that trigger faults that eventually result in service failures. Understanding these challenges accordingly is essential for improvement of the current networks and for designing Future Internet architectures. This dissertation presents a taxonomy of challenges that can help evaluate design choices for the current and Future Internet. Graph models to analyse critical infrastructures are examined and a multilevel graph model is developed to study interdependencies between different networks. Furthermore, graph-theoretic heuristic optimisation algorithms are developed. These heuristic algorithms add links to increase the resilience of networks in the least costly manner and they are computationally less expensive than an exhaustive search algorithm. The performance of networks under random failures, targeted attacks, and correlated area-based challenges are evaluated by the challenge simulation module that we developed. The GpENI Future Internet testbed is used to conduct experiments to evaluate the performance of the heuristic algorithms developed

Building an International Regulatory Regime in Submarine Cables and Global Marine Communications

About 95 percent of worldwide Internet traffic travels from one continent to another through submarine communication cables working around the clock, while only the remaining 5 percent relies on satellite for communication (Coffey 2014, 28; van Ouderaren 2021). Thus, what seems to keep military officers and national security strategists in many states awake at night is the possibility that some military submarines have the capability of cutting submarine communication cables. For example, it is known that a Chinese submarine, Jiaolong, has such capability (Kim 2012, 68) as well as a Russian submarine Yantar (Fuller 2021). A concern here is that in international waters there are not effective laws to hold the attacker responsible when the submarine cables are physically damaged as a result of physical attack by a state. The purpose of this study is to find out which international legal regime applies to submarine communication cables and global marine communications. It also suggests some modifications for improving the current international legal system so that sensitive information, such as our email exchanges and health records, and the cables that carry this information can be better protected. To explore these questions, I have chosen to employ a historical approach, case studies, and insights from experts to inform my study. In this dissertation, I apply the theory of international cooperative regime-building to the submarine communication cable industry and emphasize the South Korean government’s potential role as a catalyst in developing new norms. As one of the leading suppliers of fiber optic cables (Kim 2020), South Korea can play a crucial role in developing an international regime--and identifying the challenges to the current regulatory regime for submarine communication cables. During this process, I intend to test a hypothesis that submarine cables are not being adequately regulated under the current international legal regime. Where I identify gaps in international law currently protecting submarine cables, I also offer policy recommendations to improve the regulatory regime, such as the idea of granting the right to punish an attacker under the cable owner’s jurisdiction rather than that of the attacker’s jurisdiction when the cable is laid in high seas—the position that UNCLOS currently takes according to Article 113

INTERDEPENDENT INFRASTRUCTURE RESILIENCE IN THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS: PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

Prepared for: Federal Emergency Management AgencyThe U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) is a territory comprised of three main islands—Saint Croix, Saint John, and Saint Thomas—and a number of smaller surrounding islands, located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles approximately 40 miles east of Puerto Rico and over 1,100 miles from Miami, Florida. In September 2017, two Category-5 hurricanes made landfall within a two-week period and collectively devastated the homes, businesses, and infrastructure throughout the Territory.This technical report (1) explains the structure, function, and tensions associated with energy, water, transportation, and communication infrastructure that were chronic problems prior to the hurricanes; (2) documents hurricane response, recovery, and mitigation activities for these infrastructure systems after the hurricanes; and (3) provides concrete approaches to overcome potential barriers to resilience (where they exist) and open questions for research (where they do not yet exist).Federal Emergency Management AgencyFederal Emergency Management AgencyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Climate change hotspots and implications for the global subsea telecommunications network

A global network of subsea telecommunications cables underpins our daily digital lives, enabling >95% of global digital data transfer, $trillions/day in financial trading, and providing critical communications links, particularly to remote, low-income countries. Despite their importance, subsea cables and their landing stations are vulnerable to damage by natural hazards, including storm surges, waves, cyclones, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, submarine landslides and ice scour. However, the likelihood or recurrence interval of these types of events will likely change under future projected climate change scenarios, compounded by sea-level rise, potentially increasing hazard severity, creating previously unanticipated hazards, or hazards may shift to new locations during the 20–30-year operational life of cable systems. To date, no study has assessed the wide-reaching impacts of future climate change on subsea cables and landing stations on a global scale. Here, for the first time we synthesize the current evidence base, based on published peer-reviewed datasets, to fill this crucial knowledge gap, specifically to assess how and where future climate change is likely to impact subsea cables and their shore-based infrastructure. We find that ocean conditions are highly likely to change on a global basis as a result of climate change, but the feedbacks and links between climate change, natural processes and human activities are often complicated, resulting in a high degree of geographic variability. We identify climate change ‘hotspots’ (regions and locations likely to experience the greatest impacts) but find that not all areas will be affected in the same manner, nor synchronously by the same processes. We conclude that cable routes should carefully consider locally-variable drivers of hazard frequency and magnitude. Consideration should be given both to instantaneous events (e.g. landslides, tropical cyclones) as well as longer-term, sustained impacts (e.g. seabed currents that circulate even in deep water). Multiple factors can combine to increase the risk posed to subsea cables, hence a holistic approach is essential to assess the compounded effects of both natural processes and human activities in the future

China Southern: Digital Environments as Geopolitical Contact Zones

This dissertation examines the role of digital media in shaping the geopolitics and materiality of environments in China over the first two decades of the twenty-first century. I look at digital discourses (“smartness,” “connectivity,” “data transparency”), media practices (film/video, satellite images, data capture), and infrastructures (surveillance, telecommunication) and argue that environments, such as land, sea, and air, are increasingly transformed into political territories, and engineered as part of the new technologies of social governance in the digital era. More specifically, this dissertation moves from urban smart infrastructures in Southern China (chapter one), to contested mediations of the disputed South China Sea (chapter two), and finally, to the circulation of air pollution data and imaginaries across the global South (chapter three). With ethnographic research in addition to visual and discursive analysis, my work employs a multi-scalar approach—sub-national, regional, global—to explore both the institutional and popular actors that shape these eco-digital formations. Focusing on the South as both a geographical and political concept, this orientation challenges the Northern-centered vocabularies and framing to global film and media studies. Meanwhile, China Southern reinstates the transnational momentum of the Southern question (Casarino 2010), especially situated at the juncture between neoliberal experiments since the 1990s and the rise of the “Chinese Dream” in the 2000s as a cultural discourse. In doing so, this research contributes to the broader discussion on global governance, and conceptualizes the often obscured theoretical and material entanglement of media and environments in Asia