International expansion and buyer-driven commodity chain: the case of TESCO

This paper is prepared within the project ‘The Emerging Industrial Architecture of the Wider Europe; the Co-evolution of Industrial and Political Structures ’ funded by the ESRC programme ‘One Europe or Several?’ * Authors would like to thank Nick von Tunzelmann for his valuable comments in earlier draft versions. Following the collapse of Communism, central European countries have experienced an invasion of foreign investment in many sectors. The sectors that target consumers directly have found an opportunity to gain market share with considerable long-term profit potential. Thus, investments by western retailers are quite large when compared to other industries1. These multinational

Design of Multichannel Retailing Pet Shop

Purpose of this paper is to decide the pet shop channel combination that gives the fastest payback period or need less capital. There are 3 channels from preliminary survey. These channels are the physical store (Pet Shop), mobile store (Mobile Pet Salon) and Internet store (E-Pet). A questionnaire was developed to understand customer needs and there are more than 100 dog owners in Surabaya as the respondent, who were selected from some existing pet shops visitor. A total of 100 usable questionnaires were returned. The results are important factors for each channel, which will be a base to prepare the business development from marketing, technical, management and financial factor. Limitations of the study are minimum number of sample and a lack of theory to develop questionnaire. This paper will provides guidance for entrepreneurs who have a plan to running pet shop with multichannel retailing strategies. From all the factors, it was known that all of the combinations were feasible, but if the purpose is using minimum capital, it was better to choose Mobile Pet Salon and E-Pet, eventhough it takes longer pay back period. If the purpose is getting a minimum return period, it is better to choose Pet Shop and Mobile Pet Salon combination, with higher capital needed and shorter discounted pay back

Quality Management in Supply Chain Networks - The Case of Poland

In this article we suggest that rising quality requirements are key factors for the redesign of food chains. We argue that the food supply proceeds through pyramidalhierarchical strategic networks coordinated by powerful focal firms. These firms choose a quality strategy and employ chain quality management concepts by exerting managerial discretion to achieve the super-ordinate network aims. We introduce and elaborate upon two types of chain quality management: strategic and operative. The theoretical findings have been tested using evidence from the Polish dairy market. Semi-structured interviews were conducted across the various hierarchical levels of the 19 largest Polish dairy cooperatives during the spring of 2006. The results show that the firms’ activities are generally aligned with current market opportunities for optimal enterprise performance. Thus, we determined that manufacturers of well-branded products create an advanced network structure and apply strategic quality management. Networks that have a focal company acting as an external customer of a processor use operative quality management. Some Polish dairies are still not embedded in any supply chain networks; no chain quality management concepts can be installed in these chains because they have no powerful focal firm.chain quality management, dairy cooperatives, network theory, Poland, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Demand and Price Analysis, Farm Management, International Development, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics,

Patterns of industrial upgrading in the clothing industry in Poland and Romania

This paper aims at understanding the impact of industrial networks with foreign and other domestic organizations on industrial upgrading of the clothing companies in Poland and Romania over the past decade. The research presented in this paper is based on interviews carried out in ten large clothing companies in Poland and Romania. The paper shows that there are differing structural influences of buyer-driven global networks on the industrial upgrading of Polish and Romanian clothing firms. Taking these global buyers as exemplars to themselves, Polish and Romanian clothing firms follow relatively different upgrading patterns, experiencing more or less the same network relationships with foreign buyers whereas differing networks with other organizations in their countries. As the level of accumulation of knowledge and skills differs among the firms, the pace and level of upgrading differs too. This paper has proposed a stylized pattern but it should not be taken as inevitable since it also tries to show that some firms might skip some sequences. As a consequence, it is not a question of the positioning of the countries on a single upgrading ladder, but more accurately it is different upgrading ladders that have been climbed in each country. There is no single pattern for all of them

Sensory Experiences and Expectations of Organic Food. Results of Focus Group Discussions

This executive summary describes the main objectives and findings from a qualitative survey on consumers’ sensory experiences, expectations and preferences with respect to organic food. The survey was conducted in the frame of the European Commission funded project ECROPOLIS in 2009 in Germany (DE), France (FR), Italy (IT), Netherlands (NL), Poland (PL) and Switzerland (CH). The objectives of this research were to explore: - the range of experiences, expectations and preferences for specific sensory properties of organic food. - words that are used by consumers to differentiate the taste of organic products amongst themselves and compared to conventional ones. - symbolic’ meanings and images which participants relate to sensory characteristics of organic food. - consumers’ sensory expectations and preferences related to the variability and standardisation of organic food. - consumers’ experiences to marketing of sensory characteristics of organic food. - possible differences in consumers’ sensory expectations and preferences between the participating countries

Assessment of the level of WCAG 2.0 accessibility standard application by selected companies of the polish e-commerce sector in 2015–2019

Інтернет-комерція та Інтернет-торгівля – це сучасні інструменти бізнесу, які забезпечують швидке зростання продажу товарів. У зв’язку з цим велика кількість промислових і комерційних підприємств прагнуть продавати свої товари, роботи й послуги через Інтернет-комерцію та Інтернет-торгівлю. Популярність електронної комерції зростає: насправді цей спосіб продажу зручний як для продавців, так і для покупців. Однак юридична підтримка електронної комерції часто стає проблемою, оскільки регулюється низкою загальних документів. У свою чергу, Інтернет-торгівля входить до поняття «електронна комерція», яке визначається як пошук відносин, які є прибутковими, і виникають внаслідок придбання, зміни або припинення цивільних прав та обов’язків, які виконуються дистанційно за допомогою інформаційно-телекомунікаційних систем, унаслідок чого учасники таких відносини отримують майнові права та обов’язки. Інтернет-магазин – це спосіб представлення або продажу товарів, робіт чи послуг через онлайн-трансакцію. Продавець товарів, робіт, послуг через електронну торгівлю в процесі своєї діяльності та у разі розповсюдження комерційного електронного повідомлення зобов’язаний забезпечити прямий, простий, стабільний доступ інших учасників до інформації у сфері електронної торгівлі. Ззроблено спроби відповісти на питання: наскільки інтернет-магазини, якими керують вибрані компанії з польської індустрії електронної комерції, відповідають вимогам стандарту доступності WCAG 2.0; яким був вплив змін на зміст і створення доступності електронного магазину у 2015–2019 роках? Представлено результати моніторингу наявності вибраних електронних магазинів, проведеного у 2015–2019 роках із застосуванням валідатора доступності Utilitia.Internet commerce and internet trade are modern business tools that provide rapid growth in sales of goods. Therefore, a large number of industrial and commercial enterprises seek to sale their goods, works and services through internet commerce and internet trade. The popularity of e-commerce is increasing: in fact, this method of sales is convenient for both merchants and buyers. However, legal support for e-commerce is often a problem, as it's governed by a number of general documents. In turn, internet trade fits into the concept of «e-commerce», which is defined as profit-seeking relationships arising from the acquisition, alteration or termination of civil rights and obligations remotely utilized by information and telecommunication systems, resulting in the fact that participants of such relationships gain property rights and obligations. The online store is a way of presenting or selling products, works or services by the online transaction. The seller of goods, works, services in e-commerce in the course of activity and in the case of distribution of commercial electronic message is obliged to provide direct, simple, stable access of other participants to information in the sphere of e-commerce. The author of this paper article tries to answer the following questions: to what extent do online stores run by selected companies of Polish e-commerce industry meet the requirements of WCAG 2.0 availability standard; what was the impact of changes in the content and construction of e-store unavailability in 2015–2019? The results of monitoring the availability of selected e-stores carried out in 2015–2019 using Utilitia accessibility validator are presented in this paper. The paper is particularly relevant to economists, experts and students

PONAŠANJE MLADIH POTROŠAČA NA MALOPRODAJNOM TRŽIŠTU I NJIHOV UTJECAJ NA AKTIVNOSTI MALOPRODAJNIH LANACA

The aim of the paper is to show preferences of young consumers for commercial chains, in relation to their marketing offers. The paper shows particular strategic behaviours of retail chains occurring in the sphere of shaping relationships with young consumers. It focuses mainly on technological and marketing innovations. The methods applied to achieve the goal include a critical analysis of the literature on the subject, a direct study of young customers of retail chains operating in Poland, which focuses on their needs, and a profound case study showing marketing activities of retail chains targeted at young consumers. The recognition of the needs of target segments should lead to the creation of a commercial offer that satisfies final customers. Young consumers are using new technologies in their everyday lives and this is the reason why retail chains are developing their offers by using IT solutions (Knežević, Delić, and Knego,2015). The process of buying by this segment of customers requires deeper reconstruction, due to changes in the process of defining sources of information and its evaluation. In addition, the place of shopping is changing and this has implications on retailers’ strategies and ways of building competitive advantage. We may assume that in the course of next several decades it may happen that brick-and-mortar stores will perform the function of storehouses that hand over products, fi tting rooms, places for returning products and making complaints. Separation of the financial and the product stream is going to occur, since payment will take place only in the virtual world. The paper contributes to the theory of retail innovation strategies and relationship marketing. It also contributes to the practice showing how global retailers should build relations with young consumers in creating online channel of sales.Cilj ovog rada je prikazati sklonosti mladih potrošača prema trgovačkim lancima i to u odnosu na marketing trgovačkih lanaca. U ovom radu opisuju se određena strateška ponašanja maloprodajnih lanaca u području stvaranja odnosa s mladim potrošačima. Pri tome se poseban naglasak stavlja na tehnološke i marketinške inovacije. Korištene metode uključuju kritičku analizu literature na ovu temu, izravnu studiju o mladim potrošačima maloprodajnih lanaca u Poljskoj koja se usredotočuje na njihove potrebe te studiju slučaja koja prikazuje marketinške aktivnosti maloprodajnih lanaca koje su usmjerene na mlade potrošače. Prepoznavanje potreba ciljnog segmenta trebalo bi dovesti do kreiranja trgovačke ponude koja zadovoljava krajnjeg kupca. Mladi potrošači koriste nove tehnologije u svakodnevnom životu te stoga maloprodajni lanci koriste IT rješenja za razvoj svoje ponude. Dosadašnja saznanja o procesu kupnje od strane ovog segmenta kupaca treba detaljnije istražiti zbog promjena u postupku definiranja izvora informacija i njihovog vrednovanja. Osim toga, mjesto kupovine se mijenja i to utječe na strategije maloprodajnih lanaca i na način stvaranja konkurentne prednosti. Možemo pretpostaviti da bi se tijekom nekoliko sljedećih desetljeća moglo dogoditi da trgovine „od cigle i cementa“ postanu samo skladišta za preuzimanje proizvoda, garderobe, ili mjesta povrata proizvoda odnosno reklamacija. Dogodit će se odvajanje financijskog toka i toka proizvoda, jer će se plaćanje odvijati samo u virtualnom svijetu. Rad doprinosi teoriji strategija inovacija maloprodaje te marketinga odnosa. Također doprinosi praksi koja pokazuje kako bi globalni maloprodajni lanci trebali graditi odnos s mladim kupcima kroz online kanale prodaje

The strategic importance of supply chains and the RFID radio data identification system

Purpose: The paper presents the issues related to the process of supply chain management. It presents the essence and classification of supply chains and the interpretation of global supply network management. Design/Methodology/Approach: Using systems theory as a basis, a RFID utilization and outcome(s) performance model was developed from the literature. The study uses surveys conducted among twenty companies in the 2016-2017 research year. Enterprises that use RFID technologies in the supply chain were analyzed. Findings: The Findings indicate that application of RFID technology leads to improved manufacturing efficiency and manufacturing effectiveness, while improvement in efficiency lead directly to improved organizational performance, and improvements in effectiveness lead directly to improved supply chain performance. Practical Implications: Certain policy implications and obligations accrue are companies that use RFID technology in their supply order to manage the company more efficiently. Originality/Value: The publication presents the results of research carried out in enterprises using the new RFID system as a modern technique of supporting supply chain management to increase the efficiency of cooperation throughout the entire supply chain.peer-reviewe

Music Aggregators and Intermediation of the Digital Music Market

This article demonstrates that, contrary to popular belief, the advent of the Internet has not made intermediaries in the music market obsolete. Individual artists and independent record labels who want to sell their music in digital music stores must deliver their records via third-party companies called music aggregators. Drawing on the concepts of new institutional economics, the article demonstrates that the emergence of music aggregators is a market response to the high level of transaction costs and bargaining asymmetry associated with selling digital music online. The conclusion suggests that the major music conglomerates may seek ownership links with music aggregators, leading to the emergence of vertically integrated companies, which may have profound consequences for cultural markets

Press Advertising – Varieties and Sub-Varieties. Methods of Promoting the Press

In the text entitled “Press advertising – varieties and sub-varieties. Methods of promoting the press”, the author discusses press advertising, which is a fast developing mass-media phenomenon. Modernity has granted press advertising a high quality of print and paper, as well as Infinite possibilities of combining various promotional forms with the press. The author argues that press advertising is one of the best ways in which a company can communicate with the market. Its advantage is, above all, a high frequency of distributing the contents and the possibility of conveying accurate advertising information in vast quantities.Zadanie „Stworzenie anglojęzycznych wersji wydawanych publikacji” finansowane w ramach umowy nr 948/P-DUN/2016 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę