Unprecedented Migratory Bird Die-Off: A Citizen-Based Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Mass Mortality Events in the Western United States

Extensive, severe wildfires, and wildfire-induced smoke occurred across the western and central United States since August 2020. Wildfires resulting in the loss of habitats and emission of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds pose serious threatens to wildlife and human populations, especially for avian species, the respiratory system of which are sensitive to air pollutions. At the same time, the extreme weather (e.g., snowstorms) in late summer may also impact bird migration by cutting off their food supply and promoting their migration before they were physiologically ready. In this study, we investigated the environmental drivers of massive bird die-offs by combining socioecological earth observations data sets with citizen science observations. We employed the geographically weighted regression models to quantitatively evaluate the effects of different environmental and climatic drivers, including wildfire, air quality, extreme weather, drought, and land cover types, on the spatial pattern of migratory bird mortality across the western and central US during August-September 2020. We found that these drivers affected the death of migratory birds in different ways, among which air quality and distance to wildfire were two major drivers. Additionally, there were more bird mortality events found in urban areas and close to wildfire in early August. However, fewer bird deaths were detected closer to wildfires in California in late August and September. Our findings highlight the important impact of extreme weather and natural disasters on bird biology, survival, and migration, which can provide significant insights into bird biodiversity, conservation, and ecosystem sustainability

DYNAMICS OF THE SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM AVIAN DISTRIBUTIONS IN NORTH AMERICA - THE ROLES OF VEGETATION HEIGHT HETEROGENEITY AND CLIMATIC FACTORS

Understanding how biodiversity spatially distribute over both the short term and long term, and what factors are affecting the distribution, are critical for modeling the spatial pattern of biodiversity as well as for promoting effective conservation planning and practices. This dissertation aims to examine factors that influence short-term and long-term avian distribution from the geographical sciences perspective. The research develops landscape level habitat metrics to characterize forest height heterogeneity and examines their efficacies in modelling avian richness at the continental scale. Two types of novel vegetation-height-structured habitat metrics are created based on second order texture algorithms and the concepts of patch-based habitat metrics. I correlate the height-structured metrics with the richness of different forest guilds, and also examine their efficacies in multivariate richness models. The results suggest that height heterogeneity, beyond canopy height alone, supplements habitat characterization and richness models of two forest bird guilds. The metrics and models derived in this study demonstrate practical examples of utilizing three-dimensional vegetation data for improved characterization of spatial patterns in species richness. The second and the third projects focus on analyzing centroids of avian distributions, and testing hypotheses regarding the direction and speed of these shifts. I first showcase the usefulness of centroids analysis for characterizing the distribution changes of a few case study species. Applying the centroid method on 57 permanent resident bird species, I show that multi-directional distribution shifts occurred in large number of studied species. I also demonstrate, plain birds are not shifting their distribution faster than mountain birds, contrary to the prediction based on climate change velocity hypothesis. By modelling the abundance change rate at regional level, I show that extreme climate events and precipitation measures associate closely with some of the long-term distribution shifts. This dissertation improves our understanding on bird habitat characterization for species richness modelling, and expands our knowledge on how avian populations shifted their ranges in North America responding to changing environments in the past four decades. The results provide an important scientific foundation for more accurate predictive species distribution modeling in future

Is there a solution to the spatial scale mismatch between ecological processes and agricultural management?

The major limit to develop robust landscape planning for biodiversity conservation is that the spatial levels of organization of landscape management by local actors rarely match with those of ecological processes. This problem, known as spatial scale mismatch, is recognized as a reason of lack of effectiveness of agri-environment schemes. We did a review to describe how authors identify the problem of spatial scale mismatch in the literature. The assumption is made that the solutions proposed in literature to conciliate agricultural management and conservation of biodiversity are based on theoretical frameworks that can be used to go towards an integration of management processes and ecological processes. Hierarchy Theory and Landscape Ecology are explicitly mobilized by authors who suggest multiscale and landscape scale approaches, respectively, to overcome the mismatch problem. Coordination in management is proposed by some authors but with no theoretical background explicitly mentioned. The theory of organization of biological systems and the theories of Social-Ecological Systems use the concept of coordination and integration as well as concepts of organization, adaptive capabilities and complexity of systems. These theories are useful to set up a new framework integrating ecological processes and agricultural management. Based on this review we made two hypotheses to explain difficulties to deal with spatial scale mismatch: (1) authors generally do not have an integrated approach since they consider separately ecological and management processes, and (2) an inaccurate use of terminology and theoretical frameworks partially explain the inadequacy of proposed solutions. We then specify some terms and highlight some ‘rules’ necessary to set up an integrative theoretical and methodological framework to deal with spatial scale mismatch.(Presentation des résumés n°186, p. 95-96, non paginé

Conservação da andorinha-de-coleira, Pygochelidon melanoleuca (Wied, 1820) (Aves: Hirundinidae) no Brasil

The loss of habitat due to the construction of hydropower plants is the main threat related to the decline of the Black-collared Swallow population (Pygochelidon melanoleuca). We analyzed how much of its area of distribution is overlapped with the existing hydropower plants (current scenario) and planned (future scenario) in Brazil. We used the Random Forest, Maxent and Support Vector Machine algorithms to model the potential distribution of the species. Then, the model of potential distribution was overlapped with the location of existing and planned hydropower plants in order to calculate how much the potential area is and will be affected by the construction of these ventures. Approximately 35.33% of the built hydropower ventures are overlapped with the areas of potential distribution of the species. When we analyzed the superposition of the planned ventures, we verified that more 43.80% of the hydropower ventures will be overlapped with the area of potential distribution of the P. melanoleuca. Most hydropower plants located in the hydrographic regions of Paraná and Costa Atlântica Leste are in areas with less suitability of habitat for the occurrence of the species, and the ventures located in the hydrographic regions of Amazônica and Costa Atlântica Marajó are in areas with more suitability of habitat. The analyzes demonstrated that there was a reduction of quantity of suitable habitat for the species due to the superposition of hydropower ventures built in the areas of its potential distribution, and if the implementation of the planned ventures occurs, the quantity of necessary suitable habitat for the persistence of the species will continue to reduce.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorDissertação (Mestrado)A perda de habitat pela construção de empreendimentos hidrelétricos é a principal ameaça relacionada ao declínio das populações da andorinha-de-coleira (Pygochelidon melanoleuca). Analisamos o quanto os empreendimentos hidrelétricos construídos (cenário atual) e planejados (cenário futuro) estão sobrepostos com as áreas de potencial ocorrência da espécie no Brasil. Foram usados os algoritmos Random Forest, Maxent e Support Vector Machine para modelar a distribuição potencial da espécie. Em seguida, os empreendimentos hidrelétricos construídos e planejados foram sobrepostos com o modelo de distribuição potencial a fim de calcular o percentual de área de potencial distribuição que está e será afetada pela construção desses empreendimentos. Aproximadamente, 35,33% dos empreendimentos hidrelétricos construídos estão sobrepostos com as áreas de potencial distribuição da espécie. Quando analisamos a sobreposição dos empreendimentos planejados, verificamos que mais 43,80% das hidrelétricas estarão sobrepostas com as áreas de distribuição potencial de P. melanoleuca. A maioria dos empreendimentos localizados na região hidrográfica do Paraná e Costa Atlântica Leste está em áreas de menor adequabilidade de habitat para ocorrência da espécie, e aqueles empreendimentos localizados na região hidrográfica Amazônica e Costa Atlântica Marajó estão em áreas com maior adequabilidade. As análises demonstraram que houve uma redução da quantidade de habitat adequado para a espécie, devido à sobreposição de empreendimentos hidrelétricos construídos nas suas áreas de potencial distribuição, e caso haja a implantação dos empreendimentos planejados a quantidade de habitat adequado necessária à persistência da espécie continuará reduzindo

Modélisation de la distribution et de l’abondance de la sauvagine au Canada

La sauvagine canadienne bénéficie des initiatives de suivi de la faune parmi les plus anciennes et les plus vastes au monde. En particulier, initié en 1955 afin d’obtenir une estimation annuelle des effectifs continentaux et fixer les quotas de chasse, l’Inventaire des Populations Nicheuses et de l'Habitat de la Sauvagine couvre aujourd’hui plus de 3 millions de kilomètres carrés d’habitats, du nord des États-Unis à l’Arctique et de l’Atlantique à l’Alaska. Les dimensions hors-normes de ces données ont contribué à la bonne atteinte des objectifs de gestion des populations de sauvagine et à une meilleure connaissance de l’écologie des espèces. Cependant, les observations issues des inventaires sont spatialement-discrètes (segments aériens, quadrats d’hélicoptères ou points d’eau) et leur couverture géographique reste relativement faible une fois rapportée à la superficie du Canada (≈1% de 10 millions de kilomètres carrés). Or, pour être efficace, la planification de la conservation requiert l’accès à une information quantitative spatialement-continue sur la distribution et l’abondance des espèces. La valorisation de données d’occurrences d’espèces spatialement-discrètes en couches d’information géographique continue est en revanche une application commune des modèles de distribution d’espèces dont les prédictions peuvent être étendues à l’échelle à laquelle les covariables environnementales sont disponibles. Si de tels modèles existent déjà pour guider la conservation de la sauvagine canadienne, des lacunes identifiées dans les approches méthodologiques, la couverture géographique et les thématiques environnementales explorées par les tentatives existantes suggèrent que des améliorations ou des extensions importantes pourraient être apportées. C’est l’objectif général de cette thèse : développer une nouvelle génération de modèles prédictifs de la distribution et de l’abondance de la sauvagine au Canada afin d’assister la planification spatiale des mesures de conservation des espèces et de leurs habitats. Dans le premier chapitre, une revue de la littérature a été effectuée avec pour objectif d’identifier les covariables environnementales d’intérêt pour modéliser la sauvagine. La principale contribution de cette étude a été la création d’une base de données de 533 associations canard-habitat attribuables à 133 covariables qui aidera le développement des futurs modèles. Dans le second chapitre, l’objectif a été d’améliorer les modèles nationaux d’abondance de sauvagine existants en développant de nouveaux modèles permettant de considérer explicitement les variations spatiotemporelles et testant des associations sauvagine habitat inexplorées grâce à l’utilisation d’un jeu initial de 232 covariables candidates. Pour cela, nous avons élaboré une méthode combinant techniques d’apprentissage automatique, procédures de sélection des covariables et approches hiérarchiques bayésiennes. La principale contribution de cette étude a été la mise à disposition de cartes annuelles de l’abondance de 18 espèces de sauvagines pour la période 1990-2015. Dans le troisième chapitre, l’objectif a été d’évaluer le potentiel d’intégration des données d’inventaires aériens standardisés et de science citoyenne (eBird) afin de modéliser la distribution de la sauvagine à l’échelle de la forêt boréale de l’Ouest canadien. La principale contribution de ce chapitre a été la formalisation d’une approche de modélisation intégrée de la distribution des espèces utilisant un processus par points dans une représentation état-espace. Nous avons démontré la capacité de cette approche à efficacement combiner des jeux de données d’occurrence hétérogènes afin de bénéficier de la complémentarité de leurs observations et de leurs couvertures spatiales. Dans le quatrième chapitre, l’objectif a été d’évaluer les effets potentiels des changements climatiques sur la distribution et l’abondance de la sauvagine dans l’est du Canada. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que les changements climatiques pourraient avoir un effet positif sur l’abondance de 7/12 des espèces évaluées, alors que 5/12 pourraient décliner. Une contribution majeure de cette étude a été le développement d’indices spatialement-explicites de la compatibilité climatique future de chacune des 12 espèces. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats issus de cette thèse ont permis (i) d’approfondir et de synthétiser l’état des connaissances sur l’écologie de la sauvagine canadienne, (ii) de fournir de nouvelles données pour guider les mesures de conservation et (iii) de développer des méthodes innovantes et efficaces pour modéliser la distribution et l’abondance des espèces à large échelle. Les plus de 1000 cartes et couches de données raster rendues publiques constituent une contribution d’envergure majeure pour l'élaboration d'indicateurs de biodiversité, l'évaluation et l'exécution de stratégies de conservation des espèces et de leur habitat, ou encore le suivi des services écologiques.Canadian waterfowl benefit from some of the longest and most spatially extensive wildlife monitoring initiatives worldwide. The annual Waterfowl Breeding Population and Habitat Survey in particular, initiated in 1955 for estimating annual continental population sizes and setting hunting quotas, now covers more than 3 million square kilometres of breeding habitats, from the northern United States to the Arctic and from the Atlantic coast to Alaska. The exceptional dimensions of these data have historically contributed to the successful achievement of waterfowl population management goals and to a better understanding of the ecology of these species. However, inventories’ records are spatially discrete (aerial segments, helicopter plots or water bodies) and their geographic coverage remains small when compared to the area of Canada (≈1% of 10 million square kilometres). In order to be effective, conservation planning requires spatially-continuous, quantitative information on species distribution and abundance. This is a common application of species distribution models which, by predicting the distribution and abundance of individuals from occurrence data and environmental covariates, can provide continuous geospatial information. While such models already exist for Canadian waterfowl, identified deficiencies in the methodological approaches, geographic coverage orenvironmental themes explored by existing attempts suggest that significant improvements or extensions could be made. This is the overall objective of this thesis: to develop a new generation of models to predict waterfowl distribution and abundance across Canada in order to assist the spatial planning of conservation measures for species and their habitats. In the first chapter, a literature review was conducted with the specific objective of identifying environmental covariates of interest for waterfowl modeling. The main contribution of this study was the creation of a database gathering 533 duck-habitat associations attributable to 133 covariates, which will assist in the development of future models. In the second chapter, the objective was to refine existing national waterfowl models by developing new, more interpretable models that explicitly account for spatiotemporal variations in abundances, while testing for unexplored waterfowl-habitat associations by using a set of 232 newly-available candidate covariates. For this purpose, we developed a method combining machine learning techniques, covariate selection procedures and hierarchical Bayesian approaches. The main contribution of this study was the provision of annual abundance maps of 18 waterfowl species for the period 1990-2015. In the third chapter, the objective was to assess the potential of integrating standardized inventory and citizen science data to model waterfowl distribution across the Canadian western boreal forest. The main contribution of this chapter was the formalisation of an integrated species distribution modelling approach, which was based on a state-space point process framework. We demonstrated the ability of this approach to efficiently combine heterogeneous occurrence datasets in order to benefit from the complementarity of their records and spatial coverages. In the fourth chapter, the objective was to assess the potential effects of climate change on the distribution and abundance of waterfowl in Eastern Canada. Results showed that climate change could have a positive effect on the abundance of 7/12 of the species evaluated, while 5/12 could decline. A major contribution of this study was the development of spatially-explicit future climate suitability indices for each of the 12 species. Overall, results from this thesis have allowed to (i) deepen and synthesize the state of knowledge on the ecology of Canadian waterfowl, (ii) provide new data to guide conservation measures, and (iii) develop innovative and efficient methods to model large-scale species distribution and abundance. The more than 1,000 maps and raster layers made publicly available constitute a major contribution for the development of biodiversity indicators, the evaluation and execution of conservation planning strategies, and ecosystem services monitoring

Maine Deepwater Offshore Wind Report

This report consists of the compilation and preliminary analysis of relevant data on the Gulf of Maine, to provide important information for parties seeking to respond to the RFP titled: Request for Proposals for Long-Term Contracts for Deep-Water Offshore Wind Energy Pilot Projects and Tidal Energy Demonstration Projects, released September 1, 2010 by the Maine Public Utilities Commission (PUC)

Biodiversity and Protected Areas

Biodiversity and Protected Areas assembles twelve topics from around the world, illustrating the complexities and promise of addressing the biodiversity crisis. Authors from Mongolia, Africa, India, Canada, Iraq, and the United States dwell on particular aspects and challenges relevant to those regions. Lessons and approaches from interesting localities, coupled with global analyses give the reader a synthetic view of emerging problems. The opportunities for understanding common issues across different geographies abound, such as comparing local conservation in sub-Saharan Africa with a distribution of very small protected areas in Massachusetts. Several topics will be of immediate interest to policymakers. The book is illustrated with numerous color maps and figures and the authors strove for clear, uncomplicated writing. The editors provide an overview of chapters, placing them in the context of other biodiversity and protected area literature. Students and conservationists attempting to broaden their views of biodiversity and protected areas should find this collection to be interesting