Skin in the Game: Providing Redress for American Sports\u27 Appropriation of Native American Iconography

To date, legal efforts to eradicate the use of Native American iconography in American sports have focused on the concept of Indian nicknames as disparaging terms and Indian mascots as harmful images. But subjective claims of harm are hard to prove and are often thwarted by First Amendment protections because judges remain reluctant to regulate expressive and commercial freedom of speech based on offense. And while a 2014 ruling by the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s Trademark Trial and Appeal Board cancelling six of the Washington Redskins’ trademark registrations was a landmark moment for name-change advocates, the decision could be overturned on appeal. This paper outlines a different approach in exploring the legal validity of American Indian sports nicknames and mascots by examining trademark, copyright, and right of publicity laws that govern the appropriation of personal and brand identity. While the commercial use of one\u27s identity is protected under right of publicity laws, this legal principle is rarely evoked in legal petitions brought by activists, resolutions encouraged by legislators, or by the many scholars who agree on the harmful effects of cultural misappropriation. Based on my case study of the Chicago Blackhawks, an NHL team using the moniker of a legendary Indian chief, I offer a proposal that uses existing right of publicity law to challenge the unfettered appropriation of Native American indicia of identity

The Rebel Made Me Do It: Mascots, Race, and the Lost Cause

Public memory is commonly tied to street names, toponyms, and monuments because they are interacted with daily and are often directly associated with race, class, and regimes of power. Mascots are not thought of in the same manner although they are present as part of everyday life. The childish or sometimes comedic nature of the mascot discounts it from many considerations of its influence, symbolism and history. Nonetheless this research focuses on the term “Rebel” as a secondary school mascot. The term possesses the trappings of race because the American vernacular ties the word to the Confederate States of America and its slave-holding foundation. The issue is that the images, terms, and iconography utilized by many schools with a Rebel mascot is sometimes similar to symbols adopted by many White supremacist groups across the country. The five chapters in this document are united under the topic of Rebel mascots in secondary schools addressing the 1.) distribution of the mascots, 2.) history of selection, and 3.) occurrence of removal. These studies use data from yearbooks, sports databases, newspaper articles, and various websites to construct catalogs of Rebel mascots from the past century. This research finds that Rebel is a term that still retains a connection to the Confederacy and a vernacular link to the American South. There are also significant regional and racial connections related to the term, particularly the Confederate version of the Rebel. Selection of the mascot can be tied to race and the removal or alteration of the Rebel mascot may be connected to racially charged events. The mascot still retains significant currency as a term tied to the Lost Cause and remains a hot-button issue due to the deep connections of schools to their identity through naming. The issue is further compounded by implicit bias and the fear of guilt by association, whereby schools attempt to reinterpret, rename, remove, or distance themselves from the Confederate version of Rebel to avoid controversy

A bio-inspired scheduling scheme for wireless sensor networks

Author name used in this publication: Chi K. TseAuthor name used in this publication: Francis C. M. LauRefereed conference paper2007-2008 > Academic research: refereed > Refereed conference paperVersion of RecordPublishe

The Nova Southeastern Lawyer, Summer 2003, Volume 12, Number 3

https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nova_lawyer/1019/thumbnail.jp

Throughput modeling of TCP with slow-start and fast recovery

Despite the rich literature on modeling TCP, we find two common deficiencies with the existing approaches. First, none of the work gives sufficient treatment to slow-start, although almost all of them show that retransmission timeout events are common. Second, the probability that retransmission timeout occurs has been underestimated, because retransmission timeout is coupled with fast recovery but fast recovery has not been properly modeled in the previous work. In this paper, new analytical models for predicting the steady state throughput of TCP flows are proposed. All major TCP mechanisms, including slow-start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, and fast recovery, are jointly considered under both bursty and independent loss models. We show that our proposed throughput models capture TCP performance more accurately. © 2005 IEEE.published_or_final_versio

From Carlisle to Bradford: the Media , Stereotypes, Football, and American Indians

Racial stereotypes were a prominent issue in the media's coverage of American Indians throughout the twentieth century. In this study, it is football, both collegiate and professional, that the media used to base their racial attitudes. By using the examples of well-known American Indian football players such as Jim Thorpe, Wahoo McDaniel, Sonny Sixkiller, and Sam Bradford one can ascertain the evolution of racial stereotypes in the media's coverage, and how those individuals reacted to that exposure. American Indian football players throughout the years dealt with stereotypes that portrayed them as warriors, savages, and, sometimes, as control drunkards. For many of these players, they also had to contend with the shadow of the great Jim Thorpe, as many members of the media drew comparisons between all of these Native American football players in their stories.Histor

Convergence speed of a link-state protocol for IPv6 router autoconfiguration

This report presents a model for the NAP protocol, dedicated to the auto-configuration of IPv6 routers. If the auto-configuration of hosts is defined by IPv6 and mandatory, IPv6 routers still have to be manually configured. In order to succeed in new networking domains, a full auto-configuration feature must be offered. NAP offers a fully distributed solution that uses a link state OSPFv3-like approach to perform prefix collision detection and avoidance. In this report, we present a model for NAP and analyze the average and maximum autoconfiguration delay as a function of the network size and the prefix space size