Iran supports a great share of biodiversity and floristic endemism for Fritillaria spp. (Liliaceae): A review.

Iran supports a great share of exotic and/or endemic plant genera and species. The genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) is a precious part of this botanical richness with 19 species, of which 10 are endemic to the country. However, signs are mounting that the country is truly at a crossroads when it comes to preservation of this national wealth. In this regard, an effective conservation strategy should thoroughly consider the classification of Fritillaria, as conservation practices are compromised by knowledge gaps in systematics and taxonomy. As published studies on Fritillaria in Iran have been sporadic and limited in scope, the aim of this review is to provide information necessary to help bridge these information gaps. Our objective is to facilitate increased understanding of the geographic, taxonomic, cytogenetic and phylogenetic status of Iranian Fritillaria, which is vital to meeting the goal of sustainable conservation of the genus in Iran and neighboring areas

Los tipos nomenclaturales de Scilla autumnalis L. y Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (Liliaceae)

Se proponen los tipos nomenclaturales de Scilla autumnalis L. y Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (Liliaceae) a partir del material original de Linneo conservado en los herbarios UPS y L.Nomenclatural types of Scilla autumnalis L. and Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (Liliaceae). Nomenclatural types of Scilla autumnalis L. and Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (Liliaceae) are proposed from Linnaeus’ original material preserved in the herbaria UPS and L

Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of ornamental plants from Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil

A list of 35 scale insects collected from 72 ornamental plant species in Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil is provided. Regarding host specificity, 30 scale insects were polyphagous, 4 oligophagous, and 1 monophagous. A total of 102 coccoid/plant associations are recorded, 29 of which are new host records for the species; 60 are new host records for the species in Brazil. Pulvinaria urbicola Cockerell, 1893 (Coccidae), Phenacoccus similis Granara de Willink, 1983 (Pseudococcidae), and Orthezia molinarii (Morrison, 1952) (Ortheziidae) are recorded for the first time in Brazil. In addition, we describe the injury caused by scale insects on ornamental plants

Contribución a la palinología de Liliaceae en Andalucía Occidental (excepto subfamilias Scilloideae y Allioideae)

Se estudia la morfol ogía del polen de 23 especies de Liliaceae en Andal ucía Occidental, pertenecientes a los géneros Asphodelus, Anthericum, Simethis, Aphyllanthes, Colchicum, Merendera, Gag ea , Tulipa, Fri tillaría, Po!ygonatum, Asparagus, Ruscus y Smilax. Por l os caracteres polinices analizados se reconocen 14 tipos diferentes . Palinológicamente está justificada la separación de Smilacoideae como familia independiente , pero no se justifica la separación de Liliaceae y AmaryllidaceaeThe pollen morphol ogy of 23 species of Liliaceae from W. Andalucía belonging to the genera Asphodelus, Anthericum, Simethis, Aphyllanthes, Colchicum , Merendera, Gagea, Tulipa , Fritillaria, Polygonatum, Asparagus, Ruscus and Smilax have been studied. Fourteen types of pollen grains have been found, which are more or l ess in accordance wi t h the accepted genera . The palynol ogical data agree wi th the separation o f Smila9oideae as a different family. The tradi ti anal separation of Liliaceae a nd Amaryllidaceae is not justificd palynologicall

Contribución a la palinologia de Liliaceae en Andalucia Occidental (excepto subfamilias Scilloideae y Allioideae)

Se estudia la morfología del polen de 23 especies de Liliaceae en Andalucía Occidental, pertenecientes a los géneros Asphodelus, Anthericum, Simethis, Aphyllanthes, Colchicum, Merendera, Gagea, Tulipa, Fri tillaría, Polygonatum, Asparagus, Ruscus y Smilax. Por los caracteres polinices analizados se reconocen 14 tipos diferentes. Palinológicamente está justificada la separación de Smilacoideae como familia independiente, pero no se justifica la separación de Liliaceae y Amaryllidaceae.The pollen morphology of 23 species of Liliaceae from W. Andalucía belonging to the genera Asphodelus, Anthericum, Simethis, Aphyllanthes, Colchicum , Merendera, Gagea, Tulipa, Fritillaria, Polygonatum, Asparagus, Ruscus and Smilax have been studied. Fourteen types of pollen grains have been found, which are more or less in accordance with the accepted genera. The palynological data agree with the separation o f Smilacoideae as a different family. The traditional separation of Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae is not justificd palynologically

The Early Spring Synusias in the Forests of Fageto-carpineto-querceta Roboris Subformation on the Territory of Precarpathian Region (Ukraine)

. In the article were presented the results of studying the early spring synusias in the forests of Fageto-Carpineto-Querceta roboris subformation on the Pricarpathian territory. In the studied subformation were separated five associations: Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris galiosum odorati, Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris caricetum pilosae, Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris vincosum, Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris galeobdolosum, Fageto-Carpineto-Quercetum roboris hederosum. The revealed early spring synusias are formed by the following herbal species: Leucojum vernum L. (Amaryllidacea), Galanthus nivalis L. (Amaryllidacea), Dentaria glandulosa Waldst. et Kit. (Brassicaceae), Anemone nemorosa L.(Ranunculaceae), Scilla bifolia L. (Liliaceae), Isopyrum thalictroides L. (Ranunculaceae), Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. Koerte (Papaveraceae) та Gagea lutea (L.) Ker.-Gawl. (Liliaceae). It appears before the leaves blooming and forms the specific white-lilac-blue aspect. Galanthus nivalis L. synusias develops the first and then in the third decade of March develops the group with Anemone nemorosa L. domination. Last years as the result of the negative anthropogenic influence the number of Leucojum vernum L. and Galanthus nivalis L. groups – the rare ephemeroids put to the Ukrainian Red book was abruptly shortened

Analysis of the giant genomes of Fritillaria (Liliaceae) indicates that a lack of DNA removal characterizes extreme expansions in genome size.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Plants exhibit an extraordinary range of genome sizes, varying by > 2000-fold between the smallest and largest recorded values. In the absence of polyploidy, changes in the amount of repetitive DNA (transposable elements and tandem repeats) are primarily responsible for genome size differences between species. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the relative importance of amplification of repetitive DNA versus its deletion in governing genome size. Using data from 454 sequencing, we analysed the most repetitive fraction of some of the largest known genomes for diploid plant species, from members of Fritillaria. We revealed that genomic expansion has not resulted from the recent massive amplification of just a handful of repeat families, as shown in species with smaller genomes. Instead, the bulk of these immense genomes is composed of highly heterogeneous, relatively low-abundance repeat-derived DNA, supporting a scenario where amplified repeats continually accumulate due to infrequent DNA removal. Our results indicate that a lack of deletion and low turnover of repetitive DNA are major contributors to the evolution of extremely large genomes and show that their size cannot simply be accounted for by the activity of a small number of high-abundance repeat families.Thiswork was supported by the Natural Environment ResearchCouncil (grant no. NE/G017 24/1), the Czech Science Fou nda-tion (grant no. P501/12/G090), the AVCR (grant no.RVO:60077344) and a Beatriu de Pinos postdoctoral fellowshipto J.P. (grant no. 2011-A-00292; Catalan Government-E.U. 7thF.P.)

Ethnobotanical Uses of Liliaceae s.s. and Colchicaceae Taxa in Turkey

The relationship between plants and humans is as old as human history. The branch of science that studies this relationship between humans and plants is called ethnobotany. People have been used plants in various ways, including food, medicine, clothing, goods, and firewood. Geophyte is a name given to herbaceous plants with special subsoil stems, such as bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers. In the Flora of Turkey, monocotyl geophytes are represented by 688 species, of which 244 are endemic. The rate of endemism is 35.5%25. They belong mostly to the families Liliaceae s.l., Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, Araceae, and Orchidaceae. There are many reports on the ethnomedicinal effects of Liliaceae s.s. and Colchicaceae families. This review reports on the findings of an ethnobotanical survey of Liliaceae and Colchicaceae families used in Turkey. As a result of the study, we listed that four Gagea, four Tulipa, three Fritillaria, and two Lilium taxa from the Liliaceae s.s., and three Colchicum taxa from the Colchicaceae were used ethnobotanically by local people in Turkey. It was also apparent from the results of the study, Liliaceae s.s. and Colchicaceae families are mostly used by local people for ornamental plant. The genus Tulipa has the greatest number of ethnobotanical uses. The most commonly used plant parts are whole plants, bulbs, and flowers

Cytological study of Allium cepa and Allium sativum

The large number of species in the Allium genus has necessitated comparative analysis of related species which has always been used in many cases to describe patterns and directions of chromosomal evolution within a group. This study was carried out to cytologically analyse two species of Allium- Allium cepa and Allium sativum. All the four stages of cell division were observed in both species, although well spread metaphase chromosomes could not be observed in A. sativum which limited the extent to which we could cytologically evaluate the species. Allium cepa in this study show cell with a complement of sixteen chromosomes. A total chromosome length of 577.5 µm was observed in the best c-metaphase spread with the longest chromosome being 43.4µm and the shortest 27.9 µm. Further studies are still required in the karyotype analysis of A. sativum from Nigeri