Brain Feedback and Adaptive Resonance in Speech Perception

The brain contains ubiquitous reciprocal bottom-up and top-down intercortical and thalamocortical pathways. These resonating feedback pathways may be essential for stable learning of speech and language codes and for context-sensitive selection and completion of noisy speech sounds and word groupings. Context-sensitive speech data, notably interword backward effects in time, have been quantitatively modeled using these concepts but not with purely feedforward models.</jats:p

Translation via interlingua : Use of source language codes

In this report I will discuss issues related to translation between two languages, using interlingua as turntable. Test languages are Swahili and Finnish, both morphologically complex and linguistically very different languages. In an earlier report (Report No. 30) I discussed the issue considering the normalised version of English as interlingua. In this report the emphasis is on the use of linguistic information of the source language in various phases of the translation process. Normally, all linguistic information is lost in the translation process. Also, when the translation from interlingua to the third language is carried out, the analyser expects that the language is clean text without linguistic tags. In this report we study the possibility of retaining the linguistic information also in the analysis of interlingua (modified English). Various tag combinations are tested.In this report I will discuss issues related to translation between two languages, using interlingua as turntable. Test languages are Swahili and Finnish, both morphologically complex and linguistically very different languages. In an earlier report (Report No. 30) I discussed the issue considering the normalised version of English as interlingua. In this report the emphasis is on the use of linguistic information of the source language in various phases of the translation process. Normally, all linguistic information is lost in the translation process. Also, when the translation from interlingua to the third language is carried out, the analyser expects that the language is clean text without linguistic tags. In this report we study the possibility of retaining the linguistic information also in the analysis of interlingua (modified English). Various tag combinations are tested

Preschoolers’ listening comprehension development in conjunction with their cognitive development: a meta-analysis of previous research

Abstract. This article presents a meta-analysis of previous research involving the preschoolers’ listening comprehension development viewed in conjunction with their cognitive development. The meta-analysis involves research findings in the field of psycholinguistics published in Eastern Europe and in the former Soviet Union between 1940s and 2010s. The findings of the meta-analysis indicate that listening comprehension is regarded as a complex form of speech activity, which involves i) auditory perception of the language codes and forms (lexical and grammatical structures – words, phrases, sentences, statements); ii) recognition and storage of the aforementioned language codes in short-term and long-term memory respectively; iii) comprehension of the verbal message in the internal speech, which is subsequently decoded in deep mental representations. The results of the meta-analysis suggest that there is a complex interrelation between the preschoolers’ listening comprehension and their cognitive development

The Shortcomings of Language Tags for Linked Data When Modeling Lesser-Known Languages

In recent years, the modeling of data from linguistic resources with Resource Description Framework (RDF), following the Linked Data paradigm and using the OntoLex-Lemon vocabulary, has become a prevalent method to create datasets for a multilingual web of data. An important aspect of data modeling is the use of language tags to mark lexicons, lexemes, word senses, etc. of a linguistic dataset. However, attempts to model data from lesser-known languages show significant shortcomings with the authoritative list of language codes by ISO 639: for many lesser-known languages spoken by minorities and also for historical stages of languages, language codes, the basis of language tags, are simply not available. This paper discusses these shortcomings based on the examples of three such languages, i.e., two varieties of click languages of Southern Africa together with Old French, and suggests solutions for the issues identified

Argument for method: An application of Barthes’ language codes in poetry

This essay is a direct application of the five language codes described in Roland Barthes’ essay “Style and its image”. The language codes consist of the Actional (Proairetic) code; the literal action of subjects or characters within the dramatic plot of the poetry; the Referential, or the cultural worldview of the work’s subject or theme; the Semantic, those suggestive details which describe characters or the setting of the work; the Hermeneutic, considering language units which conceal unknown aspects of the work or facts about character, setting or other qualities of the writing, though also those qualities traditionally considered literary conventions; and the Symbolic, or those aspects of language which suggest ideas beyond the literal text itself. The writer takes a fresh look at an earlier example of Contemporary American poetry using Structuralist discourse as a tool with which to explicate Donald Hall’s poem “The Town of Hill”, first published in [email protected] Timothy Robinson is a mainstream poet of the expressive image and inwardness from the Kanawha Valley in Mason County, West Virginia. His poetics was developed in the tradition of James Wright, Rita Dove, Donald Hall, Marvin Bell, Maxine Kumin, WS Merwin and Robert Bly among many others. John’s 150 works have appeared in 102 journals throughout the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and India. He is also a published printmaker with eighty-eight art images and photographs appearing in journals, electronic and print in the United States, Italy and Ireland.Barthes, R. 1972. Critical Essays. Translated by Richard Howard. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.Barthes, R. 1975. S / Z: An Essay. Translated by Richard Miller. Preface by Richard Howard. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux.Barthes, R. 1989. The Rustle of Language. Translated by Richard Howard. Berkeley: University of California.Culler, J. 1976. Structuralist poetics: Structuralism, linguistics and the study of literature. Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 34 (3): 352-353.Culler, J. 1983. Roland Barthes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Dirgasari, B. 2008. A symbolism analysis as reflected in John Keats’s “Ode to a Nightingale.” Thesis, UIN, Jakarta.Frye, N. 1963. Fables of Identity. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.Hall, D. 1974. The Town of Hill. Boston: Godine.Hall, D. 1978. Goatfoot, Milktongue, Twinbird: The psychic origins of poetic form. In: D. Hall (ed.), Claims for Poetry, 141-150. Ann Harbor: The University of Michigan Press.Felluga, D. (n.d.). Modules on Barthes: On plotting. Introductory Guide to Critical Theory, 26 June. 2017, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/narratology/modules/barthescodes.mtml.Finch, A. 2012. Villanelles. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Fuller, J. 1972. The Sonnet. London: Methuen.Jakobson, R. & Levi-Strauss, C. 1962. Les Chats de Charles Baudelaire. L’Homme 2: 5-21.Kane, J. 2012. Introduction: The history of the Villanelle. In: A. Finch & M.-E. Mali (eds.), Villanelles, 19-24. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Keats, J. 1816. On first looking into Chapman’s Homer. www.poetryfoundation.org. (September 2019).Leitch, V. B. 1988. American Literary Criticism from the 1930s to the 1980s. New York: Columbia University Press.Nims, J. F. 1985. A Local Habitation: Essays on Poetry. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Perloff, M. 2004. Differentials: Poetry, Poetics, Pedagogy. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Reniminryu, M. A. 2009. Analysis on Roland Barthes’ Codes in the Wizard of Oz: A Semiotic Approach. Undergraduate Thesis, English Department, Gundarma University.Riffaterre, M. 1970. Describing poetic structures: Two approaches to Baudelaires’s “Les Chats”. In: J. Ehrmann (ed.), Structuralism, 188-230. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Scholes, R. 1974. Structuralism in Literature: An Introduction. New Haven / London: Yale University Press.Turner, A. (ed.). 1977. Fifty Contemporary Poets: The Creative Process (Donald Hall). New York: David McKay.Zaib, S. & Mashori, G. M. 2014. Five codes of Roland Barthes in Shahraz’s story, “A Pair of Jeans”: a Post-structural analysis. ELF Annual Research Journal 1: 171-184.26 (3/2019)607

ALTERNATIONS OF INDONESIAN SOUNDS IN SAMBAS MALAY

Indonesian is derived from Standard Malay, while Sambas Malay (SM), a language-code spoken by indigenous people mostly living in Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan, becomes one of Malay dialects; and SIL (2006) also explains it becomes one of standard variations of Malay. Therefore, the two language codes are assumed to be derived from the same ancestral language, i.e., Proto-Austronesian language. Consequently, Indonesian and SM share sameness which is shown by identical cognates of the two language codes. There are other cognates which show sound alternations. The sound alternations comprise changes, additions, deletions, and syllabic movements of segments and sound clusters. The data corpora are the phonological forms of the cognates of Indonesian and SM. The phonological forms of SM cognates are obtained from and/or based on a previous study on phonological aspects of SM lexical items conducted by Firman et al. (1998). Meanwhile, Indonesian cognates are Indonesian lexical items which are available in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (the Main Dictionary of Indonesian) and become the equivalents for SM lexical items afore-mentioned; and the phonological forms of Indonesian cognates are determined by referring to the rules of grapheme-phoneme correspondences in Indonesian proposed by Fauzi (2015). Sound alternations show morphophonemic alternations like consonant weakening, consonant strengthening, lenition, fortition, nasalization, de-nasalization, glottalization, de-glottalization, vowel laxing, vowel tensing, diphthongization, sound deletion, sound addition, gemination or consonant doubling, sound fusion, sound fission, metatheses, assimilation, dissimilation, word lengthening, word shortening, and de-reduplication. Certain findings show certain phonotactics in SM. The result of the discussion also shows the distribution of segments in both of two language codes

A Study of the use of MARC Language Codes in OCLC Catalog Records

This study investigates the use of MARC language codes and whether they are being used in the method that best indicates that language of the materials being described. It also examines what aspects cause the language codes to be used incorrectly